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CERP 164 > MODULE 1 > Flashcards

MODULE 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Process of searching a database to retrieve specific information that satisfies a specified set of criteria

A

Query or Querying

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2
Q

Process of obtaining a map layer by directly working on its features and attributes

A

Spatial Query

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3
Q

commonly used to query attribute tables in GIS

A

Logical Operators

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4
Q

Querying a GIS map of landcover map for the presence of specific land cover can be done using what? (example)

A

“Landcover”=”Built-up”

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5
Q
  1. “Landcover” is he specific ___ in the attribute table of the map
  2. ”=” is the ____
  3. “Built-up” is the specific ___
A
  1. Column
  2. Logical operator
  3. criteria
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6
Q

used along with the logical operators to query a particular map with compound expression or multiple criteria

A

Boolean Connectors

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7
Q

the analyst can put additional criteria on the query to look up for a built-up, forest cover within the map of interest. how can this be implemented?

A

“Landcover”=”Built-up” OR “Landcover”=”Forest”

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8
Q

used in order to look for the built-up and forested areas within the map

A

Boolean operator (“OR”)

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9
Q

(Logical Operator attributes)

A

Equal to

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10
Q

(Logical Operator attributes)
<>

A

Not equal to

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11
Q

(Logical Operator attributes) <

A

Less than

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12
Q

(Logical Operator attributes)
>

A

Greater than

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13
Q

(Logical Operator attributes)
≤

A

less than or equal to

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14
Q

(Logical Operator attributes)
≥

A

greater than or equal to

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15
Q

(Boolean connector attributes)
for the condition to be evaluated as true, the logical expression on both sides of the ___ must be TRUE

A

AND

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16
Q

(Boolean connector attributes)
The logical expression on one side or the other side of the __ must be TRUE

A

OR

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17
Q

(Boolean connector attributes) The logical condition on one and only one side of the ___ must be TRUE. If both logical expressions are true or both are false, the condition will be evaluated as FALSE.

A

XOR

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18
Q

Spatial analysis refers to the numerical values that describes features of geographic data which length, areas, shape, and distance and direction between objects

A

Measurement

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19
Q

In GIS, the distance between geographic objects (home & office) can be measured using the following:

A
  1. Euclidean distance
  2. Great circle
  3. Network Distance
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20
Q

length of the line segment between two geographic objects (A & B) calculated in cartesian coordinates (x & y) using the Pythagorean theorem

A

Euclidean distance (Pythagorean distance)

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21
Q

Pythagorean Theorem Formula

A

a² + b² = c²
* a & b are the sides of right triangle
*hypotenuse

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22
Q

shortest distance between two geographic objects measured using an arc along the surface of a sphere

A

great circle or spherical distance

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23
Q

commonly used by ships and aircraft in order to save time and money when navigating

A

Great circle distance

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24
Q

described as connected sets of edges and vertices

A

Networks

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25
Q

the places that are being connected by edges

A

Vertices

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26
Q

the centerline of by directional road, the direction of traffic flow, or even lanes in a multi-lane highway

A

edges

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27
Q

the point where a city or settlement starts, intersection or turns and stop in a particular road network or route (bus stops, schools, hospitals)

A

vertices

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28
Q

characterised by dense road network, travling from one place to another occurs in where?

A

Route

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29
Q

Calculation of distance between places (vertices) includes the length of all roads (edges) covered to complete what?

A

Trip

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30
Q

Influence the distance traveled from one city location to another

A

Different traffic rules and restrictions

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31
Q

Process of converting geographic data into a more useful product that can be the basis of different application based on simple rules

A

Transformation

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32
Q

Common transformation methods applied in human settlements planning

A
  1. Buffering
  2. Points in a polygon
  3. Polygon overlay
33
Q
  1. Process of generating a buffer polygon around a point, line, or polygon based on user-specified buffer distance
  2. one of the most useful transformations in GIS environment
A

Buffering

34
Q

Danger zones from fault lines, volcanoes, and other hazardous areas can easily be generated using?

A

Buffer operations include:
a. variable width buffers
b. multiple ring buffers
c. doughnut buffer
d. setback buffer
e. non-dissolved buffer
f. dissolved buffer

35
Q

the size of the buffer zone varies across points, line, segments, or polygon

A

Variable buffer

36
Q

series of buffers is created based on the user-specified distance and buffering intervals

A

Multiple ring buffers

37
Q

created when buffering a polygon but excludes the polygon itself resulting in an output buffer polygon with a whole inside

A

Doughnut Buffer

38
Q

created when buffering only the inside part of the polygon

A

Setback buffer

39
Q

does not dissolve overlapping boundaries between buffers while in the dissolved buffer the overlapping boundaries are dissolved

A

Non-dissolved buffer

40
Q
  1. method that determines whether a point is inside or outside a polygon
  2. used to count the total number of points within a particular polygon
A

Points in polygon

41
Q

user can determine if there are (how many houses) is located within a particular danger zone/s

A

Points in polygon analysis

42
Q

method for determining overlaps between two polygons

A

Polygon overlay

43
Q

commonly overlayed to produce an output polygon that contains the combination of attributes of the two inputs polygon

A

Two polygons

44
Q

In hsp, it can be used to determine the proportion or the area of a particular settlement is under a particular zone

A

Polygon overlay

45
Q

used to generalize geographic attributes or phenomena to reduce data complexity

A

measure of central tendency and dispersion

46
Q

For attribute data, descriptive summaries such as the following can be calculated

A
  1. minimum
  2. maximum
  3. mean
  4. median
  5. mode
  6. standard deviation
  7. variance
  8. coefficient of variation
47
Q

for locational data (geographic coordinates) the following can be calculated used as descriptive statistics

A
  1. centroid
  2. standard distance
  3. standard deviational ellipse
48
Q

measure the average location of a geographic phenomenon

A

centroid or mean center

49
Q

measures how the geographic phenomenon is concentrated or dispersed with respect to the mean center

A

Standard distance

50
Q

calculated using equation centroid

A

x= summation n | n=1 xi
y= summation n| n=1 yi
*refer to equation 1.4.1

51
Q

measures how the geographic phenomenon is concentrated or dispersed with respect to the mean center

A

standard distance

52
Q

measure the directional trend of the geographic phenomena

A

standard deviational ellipse

53
Q

standard distance is calculated using

A

equation 1.4.2 (descriptive summaries)

54
Q

concerned with finding the best value or solution

A

Optimization or spatial optimization

55
Q

uses mathematical and computation methods in order to find the best solution to a geographic decision problem given well-defined conditions

A

optimization or spatial optimization

56
Q

process of minimizing or maximizing an objective with respect to a given problem with geographic nature (spatial sampling, route selection, location-allocation, land-use allocation)

A

optimization or spatial optimization

57
Q

can be used to find the optimal location for a single or multiple facility (health centers) with respect to the spatial distribution of demands (households)

A

Location-allocation analysis

58
Q

how to solve optimization problems?

A

requires formulation of an objective function subject to a set of constraints

59
Q

Optimization problems can either be

A
  1. single objective problem
  2. multi-objective problem
60
Q

Finding the optimal route from settlement to the nearest healthcare facility requires what function?

A

Single-objective function: minimize travel time

61
Q

Finding the optimal route from settlement to the nearest healthcare facility

*For location-allocation of healthcare facility requires what function?

A

Two objective functions:
1. minimization of travel time from the settlement area to the healthcare facility
2. maximizing the number of households or settlements being served

62
Q

Methods that can be used to solve spatial optimization problems which can range from

A
  1. linear programming
  2. integer programming
  3. heuristic approaches
63
Q

provides exact solution but requires large computational time and power

A

Linear and integer programming

64
Q

provide solutions that can either be optional or not for a shorter period of time

A

heuristic approaches

65
Q

Heuristic approach used in spatial optimization problems include:

A
  1. naive or random strategy
  2. total enumeration
  3. greedy algorithm
  4. simulated annealing
  5. tabu search
  6. metaheuristic
  7. genetic algorithm
66
Q

The use of standard statistical tests for hypothesis testing can be problematic when?

A

used in geographic or spatial data

67
Q

(example) assumption of independence in samples is commonly not true in where?

A

geographic data due to spatial dependence

68
Q

degree of spatial autocorrelation between independently observed or measured values in geographic space

A

Spatial dependence

69
Q

Observed spatial autocorrelation illustrates?

A

Tobler’s First law of geography
- everything is related to everything else, but near things are more related than distant things”

70
Q

spatial dependence of geogrpahic data can be tested using?

A

global and local measures of spatial autocorrelation

71
Q

commonly used global measure of spatial autocorrection

A
  1. Moran’s I
  2. Getis-G
72
Q

commonly used as local indicators of spatial association (LISA)

A

Local Moran’s I

73
Q

defined as the presence of systematic variation in measured values in geographic space

A

Spatial Autocorrelation

74
Q

Detecting the presence of spatial autocorrelation is important because

A
  1. indicator of something interesting in the distribution of geographic values that requires further investigation in order to understand the underlying cause of that particular distribution
  2. implies information redundancy which can affect the selection of methodology of spatial data analysis
75
Q

accdg to Haining (2001) this may arise from any of the following situations

A

Spatial autocorrelation

76
Q

accdg to Haining (2001), Spatial autocorrelation may arise from any of the following situations

A
  1. measurement error
  2. spatial interaction, dispersal, diffusion, and spill-over processes
  3. model misspecification
  4. inheritance by one variable through causal association with another
  5. difference in representing large and small scale variation of geographic phenomenon
77
Q

the presence or absence of spatial autocorrelation directly influences the ff:

A
  1. spatial sampling
  2. spatial interpolation
  3. spatial data analysis
  4. spatial modeling
  5. statistical inference in spatial data
78
Q

Accdg to Anselin (1995), it is any statistics that is an indicator of the extent of significant spatial clusters of similar values around a particular observation

A

local indicators of spatial association (LISA)

79
Q

several LISA statistics

A
  1. Local Moran
  2. Local Geary
  3. Local Getis
  4. Local Getis-Ord
  5. Local Joint Count
  6. Local Quantile LISA
  7. Local Neighbor Match test

CERP 164 (1 decks)

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