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Adv Patho Phys > Module 1 > Flashcards

Module 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A
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2
Q

What illnesses do rickettsiae cause?

A
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3
Q

What are common symptoms of illnesses cause by rickettsiae?

A
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4
Q

What are common symptoms of illnesses cause by rickettsiae?

A
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5
Q

What are the 8 cellular functions?

A

Movement
Conductivity
Metabolic absorption
Secretion
Excretion
Respiration
Reproduction
Communication

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6
Q

What are the functions of plasma membranes?

A

Control the composition of the space or compartment they enclose
Enclose the cell
Provide the selective transport system
Provide cell to cell recognition
Provide cellular mobility and shape

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7
Q

What are examples of ligands?

A
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8
Q

What are plasma membranes composed of?

A

Bilayers of lipids and proteins not uniformly distributed.

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9
Q

What is a cellular receptor?

A

Protein molecules on the plasma membrane, in cytoplasm, or nucleus. Proteins that bind with ligands.
Plasma membrane receptors.

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10
Q

What is a cellular binding site?

A

Cellular junction

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11
Q

What is a plasma membrane receptor?

A
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12
Q

Where can receptors for different drugs be found?

A
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13
Q

What is the purpose of cellular communication?

A

Maintains homeostasis
Regulates growth and division
Coordinates functions

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14
Q

What are the three ways of cellular communication?

A
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15
Q

Define the types of contact-dependent signaling

A

Paracrine signaling
Autocrine signaling
Hormonal signaling
Neurohormonal signaling
Neurotransmitters
Chemical synapses

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16
Q

What is the purpose of cellular metabolism?

A

Chemical tasks of maintaining essential cellular
functions
Provides the cell with energy.
Anabolism
Catabolism

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17
Q

What is the energy using and energy releasing processes called?

A

Anabolism (using)
Catabolism (releasing)

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18
Q

What is the role of ATP?

A

Is used in the synthesis of organic molecules, muscle contraction, and active transport.

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19
Q

Discuss the concepts of food and production of cellular energy

A

Digestion
Glycolysis and oxidation
• Occurs in the cytoplasm
• Oxidative cellular metabolism
• Six ATP molecules for each molecule of glucose
Citric acid cycle
• Is called Krebs cycle or the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle.
Oxidative phosphorylation
• Occurs in the mitochondria; is the mechanism by which energy produced from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins is transferred to ATP.

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20
Q

Where does the process of the production of cellular energy occur?

A
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21
Q

What is active transport?

A

Requires life, biologic activity, and cell’s
expenditure of metabolic energy.

Occurs only across living membranes that flow “uphill.”

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22
Q

What is passive transport?

A

Occurs when water and small, electrically
uncharged molecules move through pores.

Does not require energy.

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23
Q

What is mediated transport?

A

Can be passive or active.

Examples
• Includes the movement of two molecules simultaneously in one direction (symport) or in opposite directions (antiport).
• Includes the movement of a single molecule in one direction (uniport).

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24
Q

What is a solute?

A

Dissolved substances

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25
Q

Define nonelectrolytes

A

• Glucose, urea, and creatinine
• Do not dissociate when placed in solution.

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26
Q

What is diffusion?

A

• A solute is moved from an area of greater concentration to an area of lesser concentration.
• The difference in concentration is known as a concentration gradient.
• The rate of diffusion of a substance depends on its size and lipid solubility.

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27
Q

What is filtration?

A

Hydrostatic pressure
• Water and solutes move through a membrane because of a greater pushing pressure (force) on one side of the membrane than on the other side.

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28
Q

What is osmosis?

A

• Water moves “down” a concentration gradient.

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29
Q

What is tonicity?

A

Effective osmolality of a solution

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30
Q

What is an example of an isotonic IV solution?

A

Same osmolality or concentration of particles
(285 mOsm/kg) as the intracellular fluid (ICF) or extracellular fluid (ECF)

0.9NS

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31
Q

What is an example or hypertonic IV solution?

A

3% NaCl

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32
Q

Discuss the antiport and electrogenic concepts related to active transport of Na and K

A

Found in virtually all mammalian cells.
􏰀 Antiport system
• Na+ moving out of and K+ moving into the cell
• Uses energy of ATP 􏰀 Electrogenic
• Electrical potential where inside of cell is more negative than outside
• For every ATP molecule hydrolyzed, three molecules of Na+ are transported out of the cell and two molecules of K+ move into the cell.

33
Q

Define endocytosis

A

Taking in

34
Q

Define exocytosis

A

Expelling

35
Q

What are the phases of mitosis?

A

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

36
Q

What are three factors that maintain cellular organization of tissues

A
37
Q

Explain terminally differentiated

A
38
Q

Explain stem cells

A
39
Q

Explain self-renewal

A
40
Q

Explain multipotency and pluripotency

A
41
Q

How can stem cell therapy be applied to treat disorders?

A

is

42
Q

Why is stem cell therapy still controversial?

A
43
Q

Describe atrophy in the cells

A

Decrease in cell size

44
Q

Describe hypertrophy in the cells

A

Increase in cell size

45
Q

Describe hyperplasia in the cells

A

Increase in cell number

46
Q

Describe metaplasia in the cells

A

Reversible replacement of one mature cell type by another less mature cell type

47
Q

Describe dysplasia in the cells

A

Deranged cellular growth; is not a true cellular adaptation but rather an atypical hyperplasia

48
Q

What are the different forms of cell atrophy

A

Physiologic - occurs with early development, similar to the thymus
Pathologic - results from decreases in workload, use, pressure, blood supply, nutrition, hormonal stimulation, and nervous stimulation
Disuse
Decreased protein synthesis, increased protein catabolism, or both

49
Q

Pair the different types of atrophy with a disease process/state

A
50
Q

What are the different forms of cell hypertrophy

A

Caused by increased work demand or hormones
Physiologic
Pathologic

51
Q

Pair the different types of cell hypertrophy with a disease process/state

A
52
Q

Discuss the different forms of cell hyperplasia

A

Caused by increased rate of cellular division
Physiologic
Pathologic

53
Q

Pair the different types of cell hyperplasia with a disease process/state

A
54
Q

What is the difference between reversible and irreversible cell injury?

A
55
Q

Which cells are more likely to get injured?

A
56
Q

Explain why two people exposed to the same stimulus may have different forms of injury

A
57
Q

What is the difference between ischemic-hypoxic injuries and ischemia-reperfusion injuries

A
58
Q

A patient has a STEMI, goes to the cath lab and gets an angioplasty. The T wave starts to return to baseline, what kind of injury is this?

A

E

59
Q

Explain why time is so important with a STEMI alert

A
60
Q

Discuss the four damaging effects that free radicals can cause to cells

A
61
Q

Discuss chemical or toxic injury

A
62
Q

what are examples of chemical compounds that can cause injury and what disease processes are these chemicals associated with?

A

Lead
Carbon monoxide
Ethyl alcohol
Mercury
Social or street drugs

62
Q

Describe how cellular injury can lead to cellular death

A

damage to or destruction of the plasma membrane

63
Q

What are examples of direct toxicity to a cell?

A
64
Q

What are symptoms of lead poisoning?

A

learning/behavioral problems, speech/hearing problems, brain/nervous system damage, slowed growth and development

65
Q

What is the treatment for lead poisoning?

A

cheleation therapy

66
Q

What does carbon monoxide poisoning cause in the patient?

A

hypoxic injury

67
Q

What are some symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning?

A
68
Q

What is the treatment for carbon monoxide poisoning?

A
69
Q

Alcohol can result in what nutritional deficiencies?

A

folate

70
Q

What organs does chronic alcoholism primarily affect?

A

liver and stomach

71
Q

What are symptoms of FASDs?

A
72
Q

How is FASD diagnosed?

A
73
Q

What are cellular accumulations (infiltrations)?

A

Cells attempt to catabolize “stored” substances that cause metabolite accumulation in cells.

Water - Cellular swelling

Lipids and carbohydrates - Usually affect the liver (e.g., fatty liver).

Glycogen -Observed in genetic disorders: Glycogen storage diseases - Accumulation: Excessive vacuolation of the cytoplasm

Proteins - Excess accumulates primarily in the renal convoluted tubule and in the immune B lymphocytes.

Pigments - Melanin, hemoproteins, bilirubin

Calcium - Dystrophic calcification, psammoma bodies, metastatic calcification

Urate: Uric acid - Excess causes gout.

74
Q

How do temperature extremes effect cellular injury?

A

Hypothermic - slows cellular metabolic processes, produces reactive oxygen species

Hyperthermic - heat cramps, heat exhaustion, heat stroke, malignant hyperthermia, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, drug induced hyperthermia, burns, overheating, sudden infant death syndrome

75
Q

What are manifestations of diseases that are associated with cellular injury?

A

Fatigue and malaise
Loss of well-being
Altered appetite
Fever
Leukocytosis
Increased heart rate
Pain
Other signs and symptoms

76
Q

Explain the differences between the two types of cellular death. Do both these types contain inflammatory changes?

A
77
Q

Discuss the stages of somatic death

A

Is the death of the entire person.
Does not involve an inflammatory response.
Postmortem changes include:
- Complete cessation of respirations and circulation
- Algor mortis: Reduced temperature
- Livor mortis: Purple skin discoloration
- Rigor mortis: Muscle stiffening
- Postmortem autolysis: Putrefactive changes associated with the release of enzymes and lytic dissolution

78
Q

What are growth factors?

A

Growth factors
Are also called cytokines.
Platelet-derived growth factor stimulates
connective tissue growth.
Several other types of growth factors are
identified.

Adv Patho Phys (1 decks)

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