Module 1

Question 1

What are the differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

Question 2

What illnesses do rickettsiae cause?

Question 3

What are common symptoms of illnesses cause by rickettsiae?

Question 4

What are common symptoms of illnesses cause by rickettsiae?

Question 5

What are the 8 cellular functions?

Answer 5

Movement
Conductivity
Metabolic absorption
Secretion
Excretion
Respiration
Reproduction
Communication

Question 6

What are the functions of plasma membranes?

Answer 6

Control the composition of the space or compartment they enclose
Enclose the cell
Provide the selective transport system
Provide cell to cell recognition
Provide cellular mobility and shape

Question 7

What are examples of ligands?

Question 8

What are plasma membranes composed of?

Answer 8

Bilayers of lipids and proteins not uniformly distributed.

Question 9

What is a cellular receptor?

Answer 9

Protein molecules on the plasma membrane, in cytoplasm, or nucleus. Proteins that bind with ligands.
Plasma membrane receptors.

Question 10

What is a cellular binding site?

Answer 10

Cellular junction

Question 11

What is a plasma membrane receptor?

Question 12

Where can receptors for different drugs be found?

Question 13

What is the purpose of cellular communication?

Answer 13

Maintains homeostasis
Regulates growth and division
Coordinates functions

Question 14

What are the three ways of cellular communication?

Question 15

Define the types of contact-dependent signaling

Answer 15

Paracrine signaling
Autocrine signaling
Hormonal signaling
Neurohormonal signaling
Neurotransmitters
Chemical synapses

Question 16

What is the purpose of cellular metabolism?

Answer 16

Chemical tasks of maintaining essential cellular
functions
Provides the cell with energy.
Anabolism
Catabolism

Question 17

What is the energy using and energy releasing processes called?

Answer 17

Anabolism (using)
Catabolism (releasing)

Question 18

What is the role of ATP?

Answer 18

Is used in the synthesis of organic molecules, muscle contraction, and active transport.

Question 19

Discuss the concepts of food and production of cellular energy

Answer 19

Digestion
Glycolysis and oxidation
• Occurs in the cytoplasm
• Oxidative cellular metabolism
• Six ATP molecules for each molecule of glucose
Citric acid cycle
• Is called Krebs cycle or the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle.
Oxidative phosphorylation
• Occurs in the mitochondria; is the mechanism by which energy produced from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins is transferred to ATP.

Question 20

Where does the process of the production of cellular energy occur?

Question 21

What is active transport?

Answer 21

Requires life, biologic activity, and cell’s
expenditure of metabolic energy.

Occurs only across living membranes that flow “uphill.”

Question 22

What is passive transport?

Answer 22

Occurs when water and small, electrically
uncharged molecules move through pores.

Does not require energy.

Question 23

What is mediated transport?

Answer 23

Can be passive or active.

Examples
• Includes the movement of two molecules simultaneously in one direction (symport) or in opposite directions (antiport).
• Includes the movement of a single molecule in one direction (uniport).

Question 24

What is a solute?

Answer 24

Dissolved substances

Question 25

Define nonelectrolytes

Answer 25

• Glucose, urea, and creatinine • Do not dissociate when placed in solution.

Question 26

What is diffusion?

Answer 26

• A solute is moved from an area of greater concentration to an area of lesser concentration. • The difference in concentration is known as a concentration gradient. • The rate of diffusion of a substance depends on its size and lipid solubility.

Question 27

What is filtration?

Answer 27

Hydrostatic pressure • Water and solutes move through a membrane because of a greater pushing pressure (force) on one side of the membrane than on the other side.

Question 28

What is osmosis?

Answer 28

• Water moves “down” a concentration gradient.

Question 29

What is tonicity?

Answer 29

Effective osmolality of a solution

Question 30

What is an example of an isotonic IV solution?

Answer 30

Same osmolality or concentration of particles (285 mOsm/kg) as the intracellular fluid (ICF) or extracellular fluid (ECF) 0.9NS

Question 31

What is an example or hypertonic IV solution?

Answer 31

3% NaCl

Question 32

Discuss the antiport and electrogenic concepts related to active transport of Na and K

Answer 32

Found in virtually all mammalian cells. 􏰀 Antiport system • Na+ moving out of and K+ moving into the cell • Uses energy of ATP 􏰀 Electrogenic • Electrical potential where inside of cell is more negative than outside • For every ATP molecule hydrolyzed, three molecules of Na+ are transported out of the cell and two molecules of K+ move into the cell.

Question 33

Define endocytosis

Answer 33

Taking in

Question 34

Define exocytosis

Answer 34

Expelling

Question 35

What are the phases of mitosis?

Answer 35

Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase

Question 36

What are three factors that maintain cellular organization of tissues

Question 37

Explain terminally differentiated

Question 38

Explain stem cells

Question 39

Explain self-renewal

Question 40

Explain multipotency and pluripotency

Question 41

How can stem cell therapy be applied to treat disorders?

Answer 41

is

Question 42

Why is stem cell therapy still controversial?

Question 43

Describe atrophy in the cells

Answer 43

Decrease in cell size

Question 44

Describe hypertrophy in the cells

Answer 44

Increase in cell size

Question 45

Describe hyperplasia in the cells

Answer 45

Increase in cell number

Question 46

Describe metaplasia in the cells

Answer 46

Reversible replacement of one mature cell type by another less mature cell type

Question 47

Describe dysplasia in the cells

Answer 47

Deranged cellular growth; is not a true cellular adaptation but rather an atypical hyperplasia

Question 48

What are the different forms of cell atrophy

Answer 48

Physiologic - occurs with early development, similar to the thymus Pathologic - results from decreases in workload, use, pressure, blood supply, nutrition, hormonal stimulation, and nervous stimulation Disuse Decreased protein synthesis, increased protein catabolism, or both

Question 49

Pair the different types of atrophy with a disease process/state

Question 50

What are the different forms of cell hypertrophy

Answer 50

Caused by increased work demand or hormones Physiologic Pathologic

Question 51

Pair the different types of cell hypertrophy with a disease process/state

Question 52

Discuss the different forms of cell hyperplasia

Answer 52

Caused by increased rate of cellular division Physiologic Pathologic

Question 53

Pair the different types of cell hyperplasia with a disease process/state

Question 54

What is the difference between reversible and irreversible cell injury?

Question 55

Which cells are more likely to get injured?

Question 56

Explain why two people exposed to the same stimulus may have different forms of injury

Question 57

What is the difference between ischemic-hypoxic injuries and ischemia-reperfusion injuries

Question 58

A patient has a STEMI, goes to the cath lab and gets an angioplasty. The T wave starts to return to baseline, what kind of injury is this?

Answer 58

E

Question 59

Explain why time is so important with a STEMI alert

Question 60

Discuss the four damaging effects that free radicals can cause to cells

Question 61

Discuss chemical or toxic injury

Question 62

what are examples of chemical compounds that can cause injury and what disease processes are these chemicals associated with?

Answer 62

Lead Carbon monoxide Ethyl alcohol Mercury Social or street drugs

Question 62

Describe how cellular injury can lead to cellular death

Answer 62

damage to or destruction of the plasma membrane

Question 63

What are examples of direct toxicity to a cell?

Question 64

What are symptoms of lead poisoning?

Answer 64

learning/behavioral problems, speech/hearing problems, brain/nervous system damage, slowed growth and development

Question 65

What is the treatment for lead poisoning?

Answer 65

cheleation therapy

Question 66

What does carbon monoxide poisoning cause in the patient?

Answer 66

hypoxic injury

Question 67

What are some symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning?

Question 68

What is the treatment for carbon monoxide poisoning?

Question 69

Alcohol can result in what nutritional deficiencies?

Answer 69

folate

Question 70

What organs does chronic alcoholism primarily affect?

Answer 70

liver and stomach

Question 71

What are symptoms of FASDs?

Question 72

How is FASD diagnosed?

Question 73

What are cellular accumulations (infiltrations)?

Answer 73

Cells attempt to catabolize “stored” substances that cause metabolite accumulation in cells. Water - Cellular swelling Lipids and carbohydrates - Usually affect the liver (e.g., fatty liver). Glycogen -Observed in genetic disorders: Glycogen storage diseases - Accumulation: Excessive vacuolation of the cytoplasm Proteins - Excess accumulates primarily in the renal convoluted tubule and in the immune B lymphocytes. Pigments - Melanin, hemoproteins, bilirubin Calcium - Dystrophic calcification, psammoma bodies, metastatic calcification Urate: Uric acid - Excess causes gout.

Question 74

How do temperature extremes effect cellular injury?

Answer 74

Hypothermic - slows cellular metabolic processes, produces reactive oxygen species Hyperthermic - heat cramps, heat exhaustion, heat stroke, malignant hyperthermia, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, drug induced hyperthermia, burns, overheating, sudden infant death syndrome

Question 75

What are manifestations of diseases that are associated with cellular injury?

Answer 75

Fatigue and malaise Loss of well-being Altered appetite Fever Leukocytosis Increased heart rate Pain Other signs and symptoms

Question 76

Explain the differences between the two types of cellular death. Do both these types contain inflammatory changes?

Question 77

Discuss the stages of somatic death

Answer 77

Is the death of the entire person. Does not involve an inflammatory response. Postmortem changes include: - Complete cessation of respirations and circulation - Algor mortis: Reduced temperature - Livor mortis: Purple skin discoloration - Rigor mortis: Muscle stiffening - Postmortem autolysis: Putrefactive changes associated with the release of enzymes and lytic dissolution

Question 78

What are growth factors?

Answer 78

Growth factors Are also called cytokines. Platelet-derived growth factor stimulates connective tissue growth. Several other types of growth factors are identified.