Module 1 Flashcards
What are the differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
What illnesses do rickettsiae cause?
What are common symptoms of illnesses cause by rickettsiae?
What are common symptoms of illnesses cause by rickettsiae?
What are the 8 cellular functions?
Movement
Conductivity
Metabolic absorption
Secretion
Excretion
Respiration
Reproduction
Communication
What are the functions of plasma membranes?
Control the composition of the space or compartment they enclose
Enclose the cell
Provide the selective transport system
Provide cell to cell recognition
Provide cellular mobility and shape
What are examples of ligands?
What are plasma membranes composed of?
Bilayers of lipids and proteins not uniformly distributed.
What is a cellular receptor?
Protein molecules on the plasma membrane, in cytoplasm, or nucleus. Proteins that bind with ligands.
Plasma membrane receptors.
What is a cellular binding site?
Cellular junction
What is a plasma membrane receptor?
Where can receptors for different drugs be found?
What is the purpose of cellular communication?
Maintains homeostasis
Regulates growth and division
Coordinates functions
What are the three ways of cellular communication?
Define the types of contact-dependent signaling
Paracrine signaling
Autocrine signaling
Hormonal signaling
Neurohormonal signaling
Neurotransmitters
Chemical synapses
What is the purpose of cellular metabolism?
Chemical tasks of maintaining essential cellular
functions
Provides the cell with energy.
Anabolism
Catabolism
What is the energy using and energy releasing processes called?
Anabolism (using)
Catabolism (releasing)
What is the role of ATP?
Is used in the synthesis of organic molecules, muscle contraction, and active transport.
Discuss the concepts of food and production of cellular energy
Digestion
Glycolysis and oxidation
• Occurs in the cytoplasm
• Oxidative cellular metabolism
• Six ATP molecules for each molecule of glucose
Citric acid cycle
• Is called Krebs cycle or the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle.
Oxidative phosphorylation
• Occurs in the mitochondria; is the mechanism by which energy produced from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins is transferred to ATP.
Where does the process of the production of cellular energy occur?
What is active transport?
Requires life, biologic activity, and cell’s
expenditure of metabolic energy.
Occurs only across living membranes that flow “uphill.”
What is passive transport?
Occurs when water and small, electrically
uncharged molecules move through pores.
Does not require energy.
What is mediated transport?
Can be passive or active.
Examples
• Includes the movement of two molecules simultaneously in one direction (symport) or in opposite directions (antiport).
• Includes the movement of a single molecule in one direction (uniport).
What is a solute?
Dissolved substances
Define nonelectrolytes
• Glucose, urea, and creatinine
• Do not dissociate when placed in solution.
What is diffusion?
• A solute is moved from an area of greater concentration to an area of lesser concentration.
• The difference in concentration is known as a concentration gradient.
• The rate of diffusion of a substance depends on its size and lipid solubility.
What is filtration?
Hydrostatic pressure
• Water and solutes move through a membrane because of a greater pushing pressure (force) on one side of the membrane than on the other side.
What is osmosis?
• Water moves “down” a concentration gradient.
What is tonicity?
Effective osmolality of a solution
What is an example of an isotonic IV solution?
Same osmolality or concentration of particles
(285 mOsm/kg) as the intracellular fluid (ICF) or extracellular fluid (ECF)
0.9NS
What is an example or hypertonic IV solution?
3% NaCl
Discuss the antiport and electrogenic concepts related to active transport of Na and K
Found in virtually all mammalian cells.
Antiport system
• Na+ moving out of and K+ moving into the cell
• Uses energy of ATP Electrogenic
• Electrical potential where inside of cell is more negative than outside
• For every ATP molecule hydrolyzed, three molecules of Na+ are transported out of the cell and two molecules of K+ move into the cell.
Define endocytosis
Taking in
Define exocytosis
Expelling
What are the phases of mitosis?
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
What are three factors that maintain cellular organization of tissues
Explain terminally differentiated
Explain stem cells
Explain self-renewal
Explain multipotency and pluripotency
How can stem cell therapy be applied to treat disorders?
is
Why is stem cell therapy still controversial?
Describe atrophy in the cells
Decrease in cell size
Describe hypertrophy in the cells
Increase in cell size
Describe hyperplasia in the cells
Increase in cell number
Describe metaplasia in the cells
Reversible replacement of one mature cell type by another less mature cell type
Describe dysplasia in the cells
Deranged cellular growth; is not a true cellular adaptation but rather an atypical hyperplasia
What are the different forms of cell atrophy
Physiologic - occurs with early development, similar to the thymus
Pathologic - results from decreases in workload, use, pressure, blood supply, nutrition, hormonal stimulation, and nervous stimulation
Disuse
Decreased protein synthesis, increased protein catabolism, or both
Pair the different types of atrophy with a disease process/state
What are the different forms of cell hypertrophy
Caused by increased work demand or hormones
Physiologic
Pathologic
Pair the different types of cell hypertrophy with a disease process/state
Discuss the different forms of cell hyperplasia
Caused by increased rate of cellular division
Physiologic
Pathologic
Pair the different types of cell hyperplasia with a disease process/state
What is the difference between reversible and irreversible cell injury?
Which cells are more likely to get injured?
Explain why two people exposed to the same stimulus may have different forms of injury
What is the difference between ischemic-hypoxic injuries and ischemia-reperfusion injuries
A patient has a STEMI, goes to the cath lab and gets an angioplasty. The T wave starts to return to baseline, what kind of injury is this?
E
Explain why time is so important with a STEMI alert
Discuss the four damaging effects that free radicals can cause to cells
Discuss chemical or toxic injury
what are examples of chemical compounds that can cause injury and what disease processes are these chemicals associated with?
Lead
Carbon monoxide
Ethyl alcohol
Mercury
Social or street drugs
Describe how cellular injury can lead to cellular death
damage to or destruction of the plasma membrane
What are examples of direct toxicity to a cell?
What are symptoms of lead poisoning?
learning/behavioral problems, speech/hearing problems, brain/nervous system damage, slowed growth and development
What is the treatment for lead poisoning?
cheleation therapy
What does carbon monoxide poisoning cause in the patient?
hypoxic injury
What are some symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning?
What is the treatment for carbon monoxide poisoning?
Alcohol can result in what nutritional deficiencies?
folate
What organs does chronic alcoholism primarily affect?
liver and stomach
What are symptoms of FASDs?
How is FASD diagnosed?
What are cellular accumulations (infiltrations)?
Cells attempt to catabolize “stored” substances that cause metabolite accumulation in cells.
Water - Cellular swelling
Lipids and carbohydrates - Usually affect the liver (e.g., fatty liver).
Glycogen -Observed in genetic disorders: Glycogen storage diseases - Accumulation: Excessive vacuolation of the cytoplasm
Proteins - Excess accumulates primarily in the renal convoluted tubule and in the immune B lymphocytes.
Pigments - Melanin, hemoproteins, bilirubin
Calcium - Dystrophic calcification, psammoma bodies, metastatic calcification
Urate: Uric acid - Excess causes gout.
How do temperature extremes effect cellular injury?
Hypothermic - slows cellular metabolic processes, produces reactive oxygen species
Hyperthermic - heat cramps, heat exhaustion, heat stroke, malignant hyperthermia, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, drug induced hyperthermia, burns, overheating, sudden infant death syndrome
What are manifestations of diseases that are associated with cellular injury?
Fatigue and malaise
Loss of well-being
Altered appetite
Fever
Leukocytosis
Increased heart rate
Pain
Other signs and symptoms
Explain the differences between the two types of cellular death. Do both these types contain inflammatory changes?
Discuss the stages of somatic death
Is the death of the entire person.
Does not involve an inflammatory response.
Postmortem changes include:
- Complete cessation of respirations and circulation
- Algor mortis: Reduced temperature
- Livor mortis: Purple skin discoloration
- Rigor mortis: Muscle stiffening
- Postmortem autolysis: Putrefactive changes associated with the release of enzymes and lytic dissolution
What are growth factors?
Growth factors
Are also called cytokines.
Platelet-derived growth factor stimulates
connective tissue growth.
Several other types of growth factors are
identified.
