Module 1

Question 1

What is evidence based practice?

Answer 1

Involves the integration of the best research evidence with clinical expertise, the practice context and the patients unique values in circumstances 

Question 2

What are the five questions of that health professionals also need good information about

Answer 2

Ideology (what causes disease, or makes it more likely); frequency (common, it is); diagnosis (how we know if the patient has the disease or condition of interest); prognosis (what happens to the condition, overtime.); and what patients experience and concerns are in particular situations 

Question 3

What are the five types of research designs?

Answer 3

Randomise control trials, qualitative research, case control studies, cross-sectional studies, and cohort studies. 

Question 4

Why is evidence based practice important?

Answer 4

It aim to provide the most effective care that is available with the aim of improving patient outcomes. 

Question 5

What are the five steps of evidence based practice?

Answer 5

1) convert your information needs into answerable clinical questions.
2) find the best evidence to answer your clinical questions.
3) click critically appraise the evidence for its validity, impact and applicability.
4) Integrate the evidence with clinical expertise, the patients values and circumstances and information from the practice context
5) Evaluate the effectiveness and efficiency, which steps 1 to 4 work, carried out and think about ways to improve your performance of the next time. 

Question 6

What are the five A’s when it comes to the steps for evidence base practice

Answer 6

Ask a question
Access the information.
Appraise the articles found.
Apply the information.
Audit 

Question 7

What is something that you need to look out for when researching and looking at studies?

Answer 7

Bias.

Question 8

What are the three main aspects of evidence that you need to appraise and click critically appraising evidence?

Answer 8

Internal validity.
Impact.
Applicability

Question 9

What is referred to when looking at internal validity?

Answer 9

This refers to whether the evidence is trustworthy. In this step we are concerned with the studies internal validity. You are evaluate this by determining whether the study was carried out in a way that was methodologically sound.

Question 10

What are you referring to when looking at impact in a critically appraised evidence

Answer 10

You now need to look closely at the results of the study, and mainly determine the impact (that is, the clinical importance) of the evidence. Are the results clinically important? 

Question 11

What are you referring to when looking at a applicability in a critically appraised

Answer 11

you now evaluate whether you can apply the results of the study to your patient. You will look at with your patient is so different from the participants in the study that you cannot apply the results of the study to your patient. You will be concerned with assessing the external validity of the study.

Question 12

What is health research?

Answer 12

A systematic and principal way of obtaining the evidence (data, information) for solving healthcare problems and investigating health issues. 

Question 13

What do the rules specify in the method refer to in health research?

Answer 13

Had knowledge should be acquired.
The forming which knowledge should be stated.
How the truth of validity of knowledge should be evaluated?
Knowledge should be applied to advancing the safety and efficacy of practice

Question 14

What does method mean?,

Answer 14

Method refers to the rules of evidence followed for collecting data in a project

Question 15

What does methodology refer

Answer 15

The critical discussion, comparison and application of methods 

Question 16

What does ontology mean?

Answer 16

You refers to the question of what exist in the world what is real. Although many systems take diverse position on what constitutes as reality 

Question 17

What is epistemology?

Answer 17

It is a field of philosophy, concerned with nature, source and legitimacy of knowledge in health research. We are interested in the knowledge as a applicable to
– selecting and implementing practices.
– producing an interpreting evidence.
– constructing and applying theories to practice. 

Question 18

What are examples of medical traditions?

Answer 18

Traditional Chinese medicine and shaman ism 

Question 19

What do medical traditions having common?

Answer 19

They are based on distinct ontological (the meaning of being), and a epistemological (theory of knowledge) positions 

Question 20

What is medical reasoning?

Answer 20

Reasoning is commonly used to arrive at true knowledge. It is assumed, .that if the knowledge of logic are applied correctly, then the conclusions are guaranteed to be valid. Reasoning and logic are at the foundation of scientific enquiry. However, we do require evidence to support the conclusion we reach based on Logic and mathematical operations we perform on data to support the conclusion.

Question 21

What are the essential characteristics of early scientific worldview?

Answer 21

Realism: The position which holds that the world exists independently of our beliefs.
Determinism: there assumption that events in the world occur according to regular laws and identifiable causes.
Empiricism: The conviction that discovery ought to be conducted through observation, and the true of knowledge verified through evidence
Scepticism: and attitude, which fosters questioning the truth of any proposition, even those made by great authorities

Question 22

Define a paradigm from Guba and Lincoln’s view

Answer 22

A worldview that defines for its holder, the individuals place in it, and the range of possible relationships to that world and it’s parts, as, for example, cosmologies do

Question 23

What does positivism mean?

Answer 23

An influential interpretation of the science and its methodology 

Question 24

What are the 10 steps of the research process?

Answer 24

1) identify a clinical or professional problem
2) search the literature ( in case your problem has a known solution)
3) critically read the research (to identify limitations, or gaps)
4) form a research question, or a hypothesis ((statement) or aims
5) consider any relevant ethical issues or permission
6) decide on an appropriate research method
7) collect the data
8) analyse the data
9) interpret the results
10) publish, and disseminate the findings

Question 25

How can you recognise research?

Answer 25

By the way, it is presented. Research follows, a clear structure that is usually described in the abstract. It is important to recognise this process from the start. Research normally begins with a question, hypothesis, or clear statement of aims, which is followed by a description of how the study was conducted 

Question 26

What is the hierarchy of research?

Answer 26

Systematic reviews.
Randomise control trial (RCT)
Cohort studies.
Case control studies
Case report and case series
Expert opinion.

Question 27

What are systematic reviews?

Answer 27

They identify all relevant evidence and assess the quality of each study found, before synthesising the results and presenting a summary of the findings. These are the highest quality of research

Question 28

What are randomise control trials?

Answer 28

These include methodologies (randomisation, and blinding) that reduce the risk of bias. Because of this, they are placed above other types of primary research.

Question 29

What are cohort studies?

Answer 29

These are observational studies that follow a defined group of people over a specific period of time that outcomes of people in subsets of this cohort are compared, to examine people who were exposed or not exposed (or exposed at different levels) to a particular intervention or other factors of interest?

Question 30

What are case control studies?

Answer 30

They are retrospective observational studies they hope to identify if an outcome/disease is associated with a particular risk factor. Two groups of studied one group with the outcome/disease and the other group without the outcome/disease (control group). Significant differences in rates of exposure can suggest associations between the risk factor and the disease. 

Question 31

What is case reports in case series?

Answer 31

A case study provides evidence from just one patient, with no comparison to other groups, this type of study has little statistical validity. Kay serious, explore evidence from a number of patients, however, these types of studies like a comparator group and a highly subject to bias. These studies are not as credible. 

Question 32

What is wrong with an expert opinion when looking at research

Answer 32

Can be useful information, but also subject to bias. Often not backed by research studies. Sometimes this is the only evidence available on a topic