Module 1 Flashcards
Anatomical Terminology/Directional Terms, Integumentary System, Bone Tissue and Skeletal System
1
Q
Anatomy is the…
A
science of body structures
2
Q
Physiology is the…
A
science of body functions
3
Q
Structure __ Function
A
allows
4
Q
Anatomy is related to..
A
structure
5
Q
Physiology is related to…
A
function
6
Q
What are the 6 levels of structural organization?
A
- Chemical Level
- Cellular Level
- Tissue Level
- Organ Level
- System Level
- Organismal Level
7
Q
The chemical level describes
A
atoms and molecules
8
Q
The Cellular level describes
A
how various molecules combine to make cells
9
Q
The Tissue level describes…
A
how groups of cells with similar functions organize themselves to form tissue
10
Q
What are the 4 types of tissue in human body?
A
Epithelial, Connective, Muscular and Nervous
11
Q
Role of epithelial tissue?
A
forms inner and outer linings of various organs
12
Q
Role of muscular tissue?
A
able to shorten/contract which allows body to move
13
Q
Role of nervous tissue?
A
able to generate and transmit electrical signals
14
Q
What is connective tissue?
A
any tissue that is not epithelial, muscular or nervous and usually is composed of cells that are surrounded by a ground substance matrix
15
Q
Examples of connective tissue
A
bone tissue, cartilage, adipose tissue and blood
16
Q
What is an organ?
A
structure composed of two or more types of tissue that collectively carry out a specific function
17
Q
What is a system?
A
a collection of organs that work together to carry out a common function
18
Q
Example of a system
A
Digestive system has various organs (stomach, liver, small intestine etc.) that all work to allow ingestion, digestion, absorption and elimination of foods
19
Q
The organismal level describes..
A
the entire organism and is composed of all of the systems in the organism
20
Q
What are the 11 systems in the human body?
A
CURLS MINDER
1. Integumentary System
2. Skeletal System
3. Muscular System
4. Nervous System
5. Endocrine System
6. Cardiovascular System
7. Lymphatic System
8. Respiratory System
9. Digestive System
10. Urinary System
11. Reproductive System
21
Q
What is the integumentary system composed of?
A
skin and other related structures (hair, nails, sweat gands, oil glands)
22
Q
What is the function of integumentary system?
A
Protection, thermal regulation (sweat), helps make Vitamin D, elimination (sweat), sensation
23
Q
What is the skeletal system composed of?
A
Bones, joints and cartilages
24
Q
What are the functions of skeletal system?
A
support and protection for body organs (skull protects brain)
movement (bones are pulled by muscles when they contract)
store minerals and nutrients (calcium)
produce blood cells (red bone marrow produces rbc, wbc and platelet)
25
What is the muscular system composed of?
Skeletal muscles (NOT cardiac or smooth muscle)
26
What is the function of muscular system?
body movements, stabilize body position, generate heat
27
What is the nervous system composed of?
Brain, spinal cord, nerves, special sense organs (eyes, inner ears)
28
What is the function of nervous system?
Detect, interpret and respond to changes in body's internal and external environments
29
What is the endocrine system composed of?
hormone producing glands and hormone producing cells
30
What is the function of endocrine system?
regulate body activities by releasing hormones (chemical messengers) into blood to travel to target organ
31
What is the cardiovascular system composed of?
Heart, blood, blood vessels
32
What is the function of cardiovascular system?
Heart pumps blood through blood vessels; blood carries oxygen/nutrients to cells and carbion dioxide/wastes away from cells; works with respiratory system to maintain acid-base balance; regulates body temp; defends against disease
33
What is the lymphatic system composed of?
Lymphatic vessels, lymphatic fluid, specialized lymphatic organs and tissues (red bone marrow, spleen, thymus)
34
What is the function of lymphatic system?
collect and transport lipids from digestive tract and substances from interstitial fluids to blood, involved in immune response
35
What is the respiratory system composed of?
lungs and collection of tubes that carry air to lungs from external environment
36
What is the function of respiratory system?
provides oxygen to blood and eliminates carbon dioxide, acid-base balance, voice production
37
What is the digestive system composed of?
Oral cavity, Pharynx, Esophagus, Stomach, Small Intestine, Large Intestine
Accessory: Liver, Gallbladder, Pancreas
38
What is the function of digestive system?
ingestion, mechanical and chemical digestion, absorption, elimination of nutrients
39
What is the urinary system composed of?
Kidneys, bladder, ureters, urethra
40
What is the function of urinary system?
production, storage and elimination of urine; urine is one of the body's primary way of eliminating waste; regulates acid-base and mineral balance;
41
What is the reproductive system composed of?
Gonads (testes, ovaries) and associated organs
42
What is the function of reproductive system?
producing human reproductive cells and hormones (testosterone, estrogen and progesterone)
43
Describe the Anatomical Position
Standing upright with upper limbs at sides with palms of hands facing forwards and feet planted facing forward
44
The anatomical term for head is..
Cephalic
45
The anatomical term for neck is..
Cervical
46
The anatomical term that describes all of the chest/upper back, abdominal and pelvic regions is...
Trunk
47
The anatomical term for chest/upper back is..
Thoracic
48
The anatomical term for lower back is..
Lumbar
49
The anatomical term for buttocks is..
Gluteal
50
The anatomical term for arm (shoulder to elbow) is..
Brachial
51
The anatomical term for forearm (elbow to wrist) is..
Antebrachial
52
The anatomical term for wrist is..
Carpal
53
The anatomical term for hand is..
Palmar/dorsal
54
The anatomical term for thigh (hip to knee) is..
Femoral
55
The anatomical term for leg (knee to ankle) is..
Crural
56
The anatomical term for ankle is..
Tarsal
57
The anatomical term for foot is..
plantar/dorsal
58
What is the cranial cavity?
space formed within skull that contains brain
59
What is the vertebral canal?
contains spinal cord and beginnings of spinal nerves
60
What is the thoracic cavity?
chest cavity
61
What does the abdominal cavity contain?
stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder etc.
62
What does the pelvic cavity contain?
urinary bladder, some of large intestine, internal reproductive organs
63
What does the abdominopelvic cavity contain?
abdominal and pelvic cavities which contain their own respective organs
64
The anatomical term to describe something as closer to the head is...
Superior (cranial)
65
The anatomical term to describe something as further from the head is...
Inferior (caudal)
66
When referring to the limbs, what anatomical term describes something as closer to the attachment point of the limb?
Proximal
67
When referring to the limbs, what anatomical term describes something as further from the attachment point of the limb?
Distal
68
The anatomical term to describe something as closer to the midline (imaginary line through the center) is...
Medial
69
The anatomical term to describe something as further from the midline (imaginary line through the center) is...
Lateral
70
When viewed from the side, the anatomical term to describe something as closer to the front of the body is...
Anterior (ventral)
71
When viewed from the side, the anatomical term to describe something as closer to the back of the body is...
Posterior (dorsal)
72
The anatomical term to describe something as toward the surface of the body is...
Superficial
73
The anatomical term to describe something as away from the surface of the body is...
Deep
74
The anatomical term to describe something as on the same side of the body is...
Ipsilateral
"ipsi" means same in latin
75
The anatomical term to describe something as on the opposite side of the body is...
Contralateral
"contra" means opposite in latin
76
Imaginary flat surface that passes through the body is called...
Plane
77
A part of the body along the plane is called a...
section
78
What are the 3 cardinal planes (that are used to make anatomical sections)?
1. Sagittal Plane: vertical and divides the body into left and right sides
2. Frontal/Coronal Plane: vertical and divides body into anterior or posterior (front or back) portions
3. Transverse Plane: horizontal and divides the body into superior or inferior (top or bottom) positions
79
What plane is not one of the 3 cardinal planes and is not generally used in anatomy?
Oblique plane: passes through body at any angle between the cardinal planes (sideways)
80
Part of the integumentary system, what is the largest organ in the body?
Skin (Surface area and weight)
81
What are the 2 layers of skin?
Epidermis: superficial (closer to the surface) layer, thin, epithelial tissue
Dermis: deep (further from the surface) layer, thicker, connective tissue
82
What is the range of thickness of skin?
0.5mm (eyelids) to 4.0mm (heels)
83
What is deeper to the dermis?
subcutaneous (below skin) layer of areolar and adipose tissues
84
The word "cutaneous" refers to...
skin
85
What is the epidermis layer composed of?
densely packed layers of cells (giving darker appearance under microscope)
86
What is the dermis layer composed of?
few cells, mainly connective tissue network of collagen and elastic fibers (giving lighter view under microscope)
87
What types of cells are found in the epidermis layer of skin?
Keratinocytes
Langerhans Cells
Merkel Cells
Melanocytes
88
What are keratinocytes of the epidermis layer of skin?
90% of epidermis cells, produce keratin (tough, fibrous protein) and lamellar granules (release water-resistant granules) to make structural framework of epidermis and create water resistant barrier
89
What are the Langerhans cells of the epidermis layer of skin?
White blood cells that are found throughout epidermis to fight pathogens (bacteria) from external environment
90
What are the Merkel cells of the epidermis layer of skin?
located in deepest layer of epidermis, contain sensory receptors that detect touch sensations
91
What are the Melanocytes of the epidermis layer of skin?
also located in deepest layer of epidermis, produce melanin (pigment that absorbs UV light), melanin transferred to keratinocytes (higher concentration of melanin gives skin darker colour)
92
How many layers of keratinocytes in the epidermis?
4-5 layers.
"Thin skin" = 4 layers (most of body)
"Thick skin" = 5 layers (covers areas exposed to friction, palms, soles)
93
Where are keratinocytes formed?
in the deepest layer of the epidermis and slowly pushed to the surface
94
What happens to keratinocytes after accumulation of keratin?
eventually undergo apoptosis (programmed cell death) due to disruption in their metabolism and are "sloughed off"
95
What is the deepest layer of the epidermis?
Stratum Basale: single row of columnar keratinocytes that act as stem cells that produce keratinocytes through cell division
96
What is the second deepest layer of the epidermis?
Stratum Spinosum: 8-10 layers of keratinocytes gradually being pushed closer to skin surface
97
What is the third deepest layer of the epidermis?
Stratum Granulosum: 3-5 layers of flattened keratinocytes that undergo apoptosis; production of keratin and lamellar granules by keratinocytes dramatically increases
98
What is the fourth deepest layer of the epidermis?
Stratum Lucidum: Only present in "thick skin", 4-6 layers of clear, flat, dead keratinocytes that have large amounts of keratin
99
What is the most superficial layer of the epidermis?
Stratum Corneum: 25-30 layers of flat dead keratinocytes that contain mostly keratin, superficial layers continually "sloughed off" and replaced
100
How long does it take to shred and regrow epidermis?
around 1 month, we grow around 1000 skins in our lifetime
101
What is the dermis layer composed of?
few cells, network of strong, flexible network of collagen and elastic fibers, hair follicles, glands, blood vessels, sensory receptors and nerve endings
102
Are any of the structures found in the dermis (hair follicles, glands, blood vessels, sensory receptors and nerve endings) found in the epidermis as well?
No, this is why superficial cuts to the epidermis may not lead to bleeding or perception of pain
103
What is the superficial region of the dermis called?
Papillary region: thin layer of areolar connective tissue and collagen and elastic fibers
104
What is the deeper region of the dermis called?
Reticular region: thick, reticular network of collagen and elastic fibers that give skin its elasticity and extensibility
105
What projections into the epidermis from the dermis increase dermal contact surface
Dermal papillae
106
What is hair composed of?
circular columns of dead keratinized epidermal cells that are bonded together by proteins
107
What are the regions of hair?
root: deep portion in the dermis
shaft: superficial portion that goes through epidermis and above the skin
108
What are the 3 concentric layers of cells that make up shaft and root of hair aka. hair root?
Medulla (innermost), Cortex, Cuticle
109
What surrounds the concentric layers of cells that make up shaft and root of hair (medulla, cortext, cuticle)?
Internal root sheath
External root sheath (extension of the epidermis)
this is also known as the hair follicle
110
What surrounds the hair follicle (internal root sheath and external root sheath)?
Dermal root sheath (layer of dense dermis)
111
The base of each hair follicle is called the __ which has an indentation called a __
bulb
papilla
112
What does the papilla of the hair follicle (specifically the external root sheath) contain?
Hair matrix (produces cells that form hair and internal root sheath)
Blood vessels (nourish the growing follicle)
113
What similarity can be drawn between the stratum basale of the epidermis and the external root sheath of the hair?
both produce the cells needed for the growth of the particular region (epidermis and hair matrix)
114
What is attached to the hair follicle?
Sebaceous (oil) glands
Arrector pili (smooth muscles)
Hair root plexus (nerve endings - touch)
115
What is the function of the Arrector pili (smooth muscles) attached to hair follicle?
Part of the sympathetic nervous system, when these muscles contract the hair stands up,
116
What is the function of hair root plexus attached to hair follicle?
they are sensory receptors that are stimulated when hair is moved (this is why running your hand through your hair feels similar to touch even though skin is not being touched)
117
What are two types of skin glands?
sebaceous (oil) glands
sudoriferous (sweat) glands
118
What are sebaceous (oil) glands?
release an oily substance called "sebum", mostly associated with hair follicles, they function to provide hydration to hair and prevent bacterial growth
119
What are sudoriferous (sweat) glands?
release sweat into hair follicles or onto skin surface.
Eccrine sweat glands: present throughout and aid in temperature regulation
Apocrine sweat glands: present only in certain regions and start functioning in early adolescence (this sweat contains lipids and proteins that are metabolized by bacteria causing odor)
120
What are nails composed of (similar to hair)?
dead keratinized epidermal cells
121
Where is the nail root located?
dermis
122
what is deep to the nail root?
nail matrix
123
Where is nail body located?
portrudes through epidermis to project above the skin, it is the visible portion of nail
124
What are the main functions of integumentary system?
- provide a barrier between body and external environment (by cells in the epidermis such as keratin, lipids from lamellar granules, melanin, langerhans cells and macrophages)
- regulate body temperature (sweat glands)
- eliminates wastes (salt and urea in sweat)
- Helps make vitamin D (UV causes skin to make molecule that travels to liver and kidney to make active vitamin D)
- cutaneous sensation (sensory receptors and nerve endings)
125
True or False: A bone is composed of just 1 type of tissue
False. Bones are composed of several different types of tissue
126
As a bone is composed of several different types of tissue, it is considered an ___
organ
127
List the different types of tissue that bones are composed of
Osseous (bone) tissue
Cartilage
Dense connective tissue
Epithelial tissue
Adipose tissue
Nervous tissue
Old Cats Drink Extra Awesome Nectar
128
Where are "long bones" located?
Arms, Forearms, Thighs, Legs
129
The long cylindrical portion in the middle of a long bone is called a ___
Diaphysis
130
What is the name of the "hollow core" of the diaphysis in long bones?
Medullary (Marrow) Cavity, filled with yellow bone marrow
131
What is the Medullary Cavity of the Diaphysis filled with?
Yellow Bone Marrow, this is why the Medullary Cavity is aka the Marrow Cavity
132
What is the name for the end portions of a long bone (both ends)?
Epiphysis
133
What is the internal portion of the Epiphysis of a long bone filled with?
Red Bone Marrow
134
The external portion of each Epiphysis of a long bone is covered by what substance?
Articular Cartilage (articular means joints, so this cartilage covers surfaces of bone where bone meets other bone to form joints) Note: articular cartilage is coloured grey in diagrams
135
What is located betwen the Diaphysis and each Epiphysis of a long bone?
Metaphysis
136
What is contained within each metaphysis?
Epiphyseal Growth Plate (composed of hyaline cartilage which differentiates into bone tissue)
137
What is the function of Epiphyseal Growth Plate (located within the Metaphysis of long bones)?
Allows the diaphysis to grow in length (occurs in development stage, stops in early adulthood)
138
What are the 4 types of cells present in bone tissue? Function?
Osteogenic Cells - act as stem cells (can turn into osteoblasts)
Osteoblasts - produce the extracellular matrix that surrounds the cells (Build up bone tissue)
Osteoclasts - break down the extracellular matrix (Cut down bone tissue)
Osteocytes - mature bone cells that maintain metabolism
139
What are the cells in bone tissue surrounded by?
an extracellular matrix
140
True or False: the process of building up (osteoblasts) and cutting down (osteoclasts) the extracellular matrix continues throughout life?
True
141
What is the extracellular matrix composed of?
- crystallized mineral salts (calcium phosphate, calcium carbonate, hydroxyapatite)
- collagen fibers
- water
142
The extracellular matrix in bone serves as a site for...
calcium storage (many of the crystallized mineral salts contain calcium)
143
2 types of bone tissue
Compact Bone Tissue - contains dense, tightly packed bundles of extracellular matrix called Osteons; stronger tissue, more energy to move
Spongy (Cancellous) Bone Tissue - less dense, lighter, easier to move, consists of trabeculae (meshwork) with spaces that are filled with marrow
144
Where is compact bone tissue found?
beneath the periosteum of ALL BONES (provides stability)
also found in large portion of the diaphysis of long bone
145
Where is Spongy (cancellous) bone found?
Most of the interior of short, flat and irregular bones
Most of the epiphysis and portion of the diaphysis in long bones
146
Bone resorption = ...
extracellular matrix is broken down
147
Bone deposition = ...
extracellular matrix is built up
148
What type of bone tissue is more likely to be broken down when bone resorption > bone deposition?
Spongy (cancellous) bone tissue, this is why areas with mostly spongy bone tissue (wrists, hip etc.) have an increased risk of fracture (osteoporosis)
149
All newborns have __ bone marrow
Red
150
If at birth only red bone marrow is present, how does yellow bone marrow become present in body?
Much of the red bone marrow turns into yellow bone marrow, however, red bone marrow still present in epiphyses of long bones in limbs, skull, vertebrae and hip
151
Red bone marrow vs yellow bone marrow
Red bone marrow: produces rbc's, wbc's and platelets
Yellow bone marrow: composed of mainly adipose tissue
152
Leukemia (production of cancerous wbc) is treated by...
bone marrow transplant
153
What is a Fissure in the bone?
narrow slit between adjacent parts of bone through which blood vessels or nerves pass
154
What is a Foramen in the bone?
opening through which blood vessels, nerves or ligaments pass
155
What is a Fossa in a bone?
shallow depression
156
What is a Sulcus in a bone?
furrow along bone surface that accommodates blood vessel, nerve or tendon
157
What is a Meatus of the bone?
tubelike opening
158
What is a Condyle in a bone?
round projection with a smooth articular surface at end of bone (making contact with another bone)
159
What is a Facet in a bone?
Flat, slightly concave articular surfaces (make contact with other bone)
160
The axial skeleton includes the bones found in the…
head, neck and trunk
161
The appendicular skeleton includes the bones found in the…
limbs and the “girdles” that connect limbs to axial skeleton (eg. scapula and clavicle)
