Module 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Light microscopes utilize lenses to

A

bend light beams to focus and magnify the sample

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2
Q

how do bright field microscopes work

A

a light source shines through the bottom of the sample.

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3
Q

what is resolution

A

the ability to ditinguish a point from neighboring points

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4
Q

the physical limit for resolution is dictated by what?

A

the wavelength of light

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5
Q

what is immersion oil used for ?

A

as a way to prevent refraction and maximize light passing trough the sample

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6
Q

What is contrast?

A

being able to differentiate the background from the object being viewed.

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7
Q

how do scientist achieve contrast and what is the downside?

A

through staining, it often kills the sample

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8
Q

how does a dark feild microscope work?

A

light shines on the sample form the side resulting in the slide background being dark.

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9
Q

what is the advantage of dark feild microscopy?

A

the object appears bright on a dark background which provides excellent contrast without the need for a stain

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10
Q

What is phase contrast microsopy?

A

Microscope that amplifies small differences in light phase. when light passes through an object it gets refracted causing the light wavelengths to be out phase.

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11
Q

how does Differential Interference Contrast Microscope (DIC) work

A

use two beams of plane polarized light arranged at right angles to each other. a refence beam passing through an adjacent area of the sample

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12
Q

Differential Interference Contrast Microscope (DIC) use what to create a visible image?

A

refractive indicies and thicknesses of different parts of the specimen

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13
Q

How is resolution maximized with Differential Interference Contrast Microscope (DIC)?

A

by passing the light through prisms

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14
Q

how does flourescent microscopes work?

A

by the objects ability to emit light on its own. normally by injecting florescent dyes or tags.

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15
Q

what compounds allow for the ability to emit light?

A

fluorophores

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16
Q

how does a confocal laser microscopy work

A

A computer guides and collects the image data and combines to create the viewed 3D image. it basically creates a series of flat images of the sample at different levels and stacks them into the final image.

17
Q

what is fixation?

A

the process of sticking the microorgansim to the slide

18
Q

what are the two methods of fixation?

A

applying heat to the slide so that the sugars cook on the slide leaving the imprint, using chemicals to immobalize the cell and promote extensive crosslinking between biological molecules and the slide glass

19
Q

what is staining?

A

the use of dyes based on their charge properties either + or -.

20
Q

what is a differential stain?

A

the use of more than one stain

21
Q

what is a popular differential stain?

A

the gram stain which stain differently based on the physiology of their outer surface. it can also be used to determine what medical treatments to use in medical microbiology.

22
Q

what is the difference between gram positive and gram negative

A

gram positive bacteria have thick walls of peptidoglycan while gram negative bacteria have a thin outer membrane

23
Q

How does a electron microscope work?

A

beams of electrons are used in place of light beams

24
Q

what are advatages of electron microscopy?

A

the electrons have shorter wavelengths which allow for much higher resolution

25
Q

how does transmission electron microscopy work?

A

shoots beams through the sample and the imaged is viewed by blocking electrons.

26
Q

why does staining for electron microscopes use heavy metals?

A

more efficient at blocking out electrons and can be sprayed onto samples to allow for a shadowing effect to better reveal details.

27
Q

what is a drawback of electron microscopy?

A

the samples need to be in a vacuum as the electrons don’t travel through air efficiently. the samples also have to be dehydrated, fixed, and sectioned

28
Q

how does scanning electron microscopy work?

A

detects electrons that bounce off the sample rather than be absorbed. similar to confocal scanning electron microscopy the electron beam scans a focused beam of electron along the sample along the sample allowing the image to be generated.

29
Q

How does scanning probe microscopy work?

A

a very small probe passes over the hills sand valleys of the specimen. a laser beam that is directed at the cantilever is used to monitor vertical movements. light reflected from the cantilever is detected by the photodiode to generate an image of the sample.

30
Q

what is the common name of the scanning probe microscope?

A

atomic force microscope

31
Q

Advantages of the scanning probe microscopy over electron microscopy?

A

does not require dehydration of the sample or use of high vacuum