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Molecular Diagnostics > Module 1 > Flashcards

Module 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Immunology

A

Study of resistance to disease, specifically infectious disease
Study of molecules, cells, organs, and systems responsible for recognition and disposal of foreign (nonself) materials
jenner first with smallpox vaccination

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2
Q

Antigen

A

substance that can stimulate the production of antibodies

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3
Q

Desirable consequences of immunity

A

natural resistance
recovery
acquired resistance to infectious diseases

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3
Q

Antibody

A

protein produced by the immune response in response to the exposure of an antigen also called immunoglobulin

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4
Q

The function of the immune system is:

A

To recognize self from nonself
To defend the body against nonself

specific elements - lymphocytes
non specific mononuclear phagocytes and polymorphonuclear leukocytes

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5
Q

Undesirable consequences of immunity

A

allergies
rejection of a transplanted organ
an autoimmune disorder

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6
Q

Immune System: 1st Line of Defense

A

Barriers to prevent infection

un broken Skin/mucosal membranes - physical barrier. Keratinization of upper skin layer, constant cell renewal. Normal flora on skin

Secretions- mucus in nose traps micro organisms and cough or sneeze them out, oil produced by skin, lactic acid in sweat - both have microbial properties
earwax-cerumen

Chemical Properties - stomach acids, cilia in respiratory tract
tears have lyzozyme that destroys cell walls- iga

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7
Q

Immune System: 2nd Line of Defense natural immunity what it is composed of

A

Natural immunity
Nonspecific mechanism
cellular and humoral responses
general responses

Phagocytes - macrophage, neutrophile, dendritic cell - they are sentinel cells that attack on first contact . they detect, engulf and destroy cells
mature nk cells - destroys viral infected cells and tumor cells
Allergy surveillance
mast cells - immune surveillance
basophile - allergy
eosinophile parasites

proteins in 2nd line - interferons (blocks a virus’s ability to replicate in other cells), iron binding proteins, complement system and antimicrobial peptides

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8
Q

Immune System: 3rd Line of Defense
known as adaptive immunity

A

Acquired immunity or adaptive immunity:
Humoral vs Cell Mediated Immunity
SPECIFIC

Recognize a specific antigen
Respond to a specific antigen
Memory (acquired resistance)

b lyph (plasma and memory B) ,
t lymph (helper t and cytokenic) ,
antigen presenting cells (marcophage and dendritic cell)

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9
Q

Humoral-Mediated Immunity

A

Specific antibody response
Recognition of foreign substance
Subsequent production of specific antibody

Active immunity: antibody formed by host (long) - infection or vaccination

Passive immunity: antibody received from another source (short) transfer in vivo or closturm, infusion of plasma or serum

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10
Q

describe
Active Immunity in Humoral-Mediated Immunity:

A

ANTIBODY FORMED BY HOST - LONG IMMUNITY
Natural Active Immunity: natural exposure to an infection or a natural series of infections

Artificial Active Immunity: intentional injection of an antigen (vaccination)
-Antigenic materials : animal or plant origin
-Living suspensions weak/attenuated/killed cells
-Stimulate production of antibodies
-Result in permanent antigenic memory-
Booster vaccinations expand the pool of memory cells

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11
Q

describe Passive Immunity in Humoral-Mediated Immunity:

A

antibody received from another source - SHORT

  1. Artificial Passive Immunity: igg type
    Infusion of high concentrations of antibody from actively immunized person
    Short immunoglobulin (antibody) half-life
    temporary benefit
  2. Natural Passive Immunity:
    Maternal antibodies acquired naturally by the fetus/newborn
    In utero through placenta
    After birth through colostrum and breast milk
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12
Q

cell mediated Immunity

A

T lymph responds to antigens presented by other cells MHC
Cytotoxic killer t cell - cell mediated immunity (attack on infected cells) specificity depends on the antigen receptors

B cell - humoral immunity (secretion of antibodies by plasma cells)

specificity depends on the antigen receptors

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13
Q

humoral mediated immunity
mechanism
cell type
mode of action
purpose

A

mechanism - antibody mediated
cell type - b lymph
mode of action - antibodies in serum
purpose - protect against bacterial infection

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14
Q

cell mediated immunity
mechanism
cell type
mode of action
purpose

A

mechanism - cell mediated
cell type - t lymph
mode of action - direct cell to cell contact or soluble products secreted by cells
purpose - defense against viral and fungal infections, intracellular organisms, tumor antigens and and graft rejection

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15
Q

immunocompetent host

A

host is able to recognize a foreign antigen and build specific antigen directed antibodies

16
Q

what does Humoral- and cellular Mediated Immunity composed of in the 3rd line

A

C- T lymph, B lyphm (major part), and plasma cells

h-antibodies and cytokines

17
Q

what is innate immune or natural immunity is mediated by

A

germline encoded receptors which means that specifcity of each receptor is genetically predetermined

18
Q

compare innate vs adaptive immunity

A

I: pathogen recogized by receptors encoded in the genome vs pathogen recognized by receptors generated randomly

receptors have broad specificity (recognize many PAMPs) vs narrow specificity (specific epitope)

immediate response vs slow response

little/no memory of prior antigenic exposure vs memory of prior exposure

19
Q

PAMPs

A

pathogen associated molecular patterns
recognized by cells of the innate system

20
Q

PRRs

A

pattern recognition receptors
found in plants and animals

21
Q

banded and segmented neutrophils

A

phagocytosis

22
Q

lymphocytes

A

recognition of foreign antigens and transformation to antibody producing cells

23
Q

monocytes

A

phagocytosis

24
Q

eosinophils

A

increased in those with acute or active allergies and kill parasites

25
Q

basophils

A

least amount
anaphylactic reactions releases heparin and histamine (promotes inflammation)

26
Q

natural immunity is charactered as being

A

innate or inborn

27
Q

acquired resistances does what

A

specifically recognizes and selectively eliminates exogenous and endogenous agents

28
Q

another name for adaptive immunity is

A

acquired

29
Q

characteristics of immune system

A

Specificity: distinguish among distinct antigens

Memory: recognize and respond to antigens encountered previously

Mobility: move quickly to specific body areas

Replicability: produce exact copies of specific antibodies

Cooperation between different cells or cellular products: produce a coordinated immune response

30
Q

what is the function of lymphs and examples

A

specific recognition of ag

b lymph - mediators of humoral immunity

t lymph: mediators of cell mediated immunity

NK cells - innate immunity

31
Q

what function of antigen presenting cells and examples

A

capture of antigens for display to lymphocytes

dendritic cells: initiation of t cell responses

macrophages: initiation and effector phase of cell mediated immunity

follicular dendritic cells display of antigens to b lymph in humoral immune responses

32
Q

what are effector cells

A

elimination of antigens

t lymph: helper t cells and cytotoxic t lymph

macrophages and mono: cells of mononuclear-phagocyte system

granulocytes - neutrophils and eosinophils

Molecular Diagnostics (13 decks)

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