Module 1 Flashcards
Immunology
Study of resistance to disease, specifically infectious disease
Study of molecules, cells, organs, and systems responsible for recognition and disposal of foreign (nonself) materials
jenner first with smallpox vaccination
Antigen
substance that can stimulate the production of antibodies
Desirable consequences of immunity
natural resistance
recovery
acquired resistance to infectious diseases
Antibody
protein produced by the immune response in response to the exposure of an antigen also called immunoglobulin
The function of the immune system is:
To recognize self from nonself
To defend the body against nonself
specific elements - lymphocytes
non specific mononuclear phagocytes and polymorphonuclear leukocytes
Undesirable consequences of immunity
allergies
rejection of a transplanted organ
an autoimmune disorder
Immune System: 1st Line of Defense
Barriers to prevent infection
un broken Skin/mucosal membranes - physical barrier. Keratinization of upper skin layer, constant cell renewal. Normal flora on skin
Secretions- mucus in nose traps micro organisms and cough or sneeze them out, oil produced by skin, lactic acid in sweat - both have microbial properties
earwax-cerumen
Chemical Properties - stomach acids, cilia in respiratory tract
tears have lyzozyme that destroys cell walls- iga
Immune System: 2nd Line of Defense natural immunity what it is composed of
Natural immunity
Nonspecific mechanism
cellular and humoral responses
general responses
Phagocytes - macrophage, neutrophile, dendritic cell - they are sentinel cells that attack on first contact . they detect, engulf and destroy cells
mature nk cells - destroys viral infected cells and tumor cells
Allergy surveillance
mast cells - immune surveillance
basophile - allergy
eosinophile parasites
proteins in 2nd line - interferons (blocks a virus’s ability to replicate in other cells), iron binding proteins, complement system and antimicrobial peptides
Immune System: 3rd Line of Defense
known as adaptive immunity
Acquired immunity or adaptive immunity:
Humoral vs Cell Mediated Immunity
SPECIFIC
Recognize a specific antigen
Respond to a specific antigen
Memory (acquired resistance)
b lyph (plasma and memory B) ,
t lymph (helper t and cytokenic) ,
antigen presenting cells (marcophage and dendritic cell)
Humoral-Mediated Immunity
Specific antibody response
Recognition of foreign substance
Subsequent production of specific antibody
Active immunity: antibody formed by host (long) - infection or vaccination
Passive immunity: antibody received from another source (short) transfer in vivo or closturm, infusion of plasma or serum
describe
Active Immunity in Humoral-Mediated Immunity:
ANTIBODY FORMED BY HOST - LONG IMMUNITY
Natural Active Immunity: natural exposure to an infection or a natural series of infections
Artificial Active Immunity: intentional injection of an antigen (vaccination)
-Antigenic materials : animal or plant origin
-Living suspensions weak/attenuated/killed cells
-Stimulate production of antibodies
-Result in permanent antigenic memory-
Booster vaccinations expand the pool of memory cells
describe Passive Immunity in Humoral-Mediated Immunity:
antibody received from another source - SHORT
- Artificial Passive Immunity: igg type
Infusion of high concentrations of antibody from actively immunized person
Short immunoglobulin (antibody) half-life
temporary benefit - Natural Passive Immunity:
Maternal antibodies acquired naturally by the fetus/newborn
In utero through placenta
After birth through colostrum and breast milk
cell mediated Immunity
T lymph responds to antigens presented by other cells MHC
Cytotoxic killer t cell - cell mediated immunity (attack on infected cells) specificity depends on the antigen receptors
B cell - humoral immunity (secretion of antibodies by plasma cells)
specificity depends on the antigen receptors
humoral mediated immunity
mechanism
cell type
mode of action
purpose
mechanism - antibody mediated
cell type - b lymph
mode of action - antibodies in serum
purpose - protect against bacterial infection
cell mediated immunity
mechanism
cell type
mode of action
purpose
mechanism - cell mediated
cell type - t lymph
mode of action - direct cell to cell contact or soluble products secreted by cells
purpose - defense against viral and fungal infections, intracellular organisms, tumor antigens and and graft rejection
immunocompetent host
host is able to recognize a foreign antigen and build specific antigen directed antibodies
what does Humoral- and cellular Mediated Immunity composed of in the 3rd line
C- T lymph, B lyphm (major part), and plasma cells
h-antibodies and cytokines
what is innate immune or natural immunity is mediated by
germline encoded receptors which means that specifcity of each receptor is genetically predetermined
compare innate vs adaptive immunity
I: pathogen recogized by receptors encoded in the genome vs pathogen recognized by receptors generated randomly
receptors have broad specificity (recognize many PAMPs) vs narrow specificity (specific epitope)
immediate response vs slow response
little/no memory of prior antigenic exposure vs memory of prior exposure
PAMPs
pathogen associated molecular patterns
recognized by cells of the innate system
PRRs
pattern recognition receptors
found in plants and animals
banded and segmented neutrophils
phagocytosis
lymphocytes
recognition of foreign antigens and transformation to antibody producing cells
monocytes
phagocytosis
eosinophils
increased in those with acute or active allergies and kill parasites
basophils
least amount
anaphylactic reactions releases heparin and histamine (promotes inflammation)
natural immunity is charactered as being
innate or inborn
acquired resistances does what
specifically recognizes and selectively eliminates exogenous and endogenous agents
another name for adaptive immunity is
acquired
characteristics of immune system
Specificity: distinguish among distinct antigens
Memory: recognize and respond to antigens encountered previously
Mobility: move quickly to specific body areas
Replicability: produce exact copies of specific antibodies
Cooperation between different cells or cellular products: produce a coordinated immune response
what is the function of lymphs and examples
specific recognition of ag
b lymph - mediators of humoral immunity
t lymph: mediators of cell mediated immunity
NK cells - innate immunity
what function of antigen presenting cells and examples
capture of antigens for display to lymphocytes
dendritic cells: initiation of t cell responses
macrophages: initiation and effector phase of cell mediated immunity
follicular dendritic cells display of antigens to b lymph in humoral immune responses
what are effector cells
elimination of antigens
t lymph: helper t cells and cytotoxic t lymph
macrophages and mono: cells of mononuclear-phagocyte system
granulocytes - neutrophils and eosinophils
