Module 1

Question 1

It is the study of the microanatomy of cells, tissues, and organs as seen through a microscope;
It also examines the correlation between its structure and function.

Answer 1

Histology

Question 2

involves the study of cells, which are building block of life

Answer 2

Scope of Histology

Question 3

It progresses from cellular level and has four major types of tissues in the body

Answer 3

Body tissues

Question 4

Four major types of tissues in the body

Answer 4

Connective tissue
Epithelial tissue
Muscle tissues
Nervous tissue

Question 5

a group of tissues with similar functions

Answer 5

organ

Question 6

Functionally related organs often cooperate forms ______

Answer 6

organ system

Question 7

Contributors in the development of histology

Answer 7

1. Robert Hooke
2. Anton van Leewenhoek
3. Sir William Henry Perkin
4. August Franz Josed Karl Mayer
5. Marie Francois Xavier Bichat

Question 8

contributed one of the first major milestones in histology came in 1665 with the publication of a small book called ‘Micrographia’ by Robert Hooke (which is recognized as the first published record of the word ‘cell’.

Answer 8

Robert Hooke

Question 9

He has been attributed as the first person to use a histological stain to color specimens observed under the microscope using saffron.

Answer 9

Anton van Leewenhoek

Question 10

A British chemist and entrepreneur best known for his serendipitous discovery of the first synthetic organic dye, mauveine, made from aniline

Answer 10

Sir William Henry Perkin

Question 11

The word histology was coined in 1819 by one A. Mayer, a German anatomist, from “le tissu” in French, the Greek word for cloth is “histos”

Answer 11

August Franz Josef Karl Mayer

Question 12

The father of modern histology and pathology

Answer 12

Marie François Xavier Bichat

Question 13

Selected Branches of Science Related to the Study Histology

Answer 13

1. Surgical Pathology
2. Immunohistochemistry (IHC)
3. Stem Cell Biology
4. Cancer Patho-physiology
5. Histopathology
6. Autopsy
7. Oral histology
8. Cytopathology

Question 14

is the study of tissues removed from living patients during surgery to help diagnose a disease and determine a treatment plan

Answer 14

Surgical Pathology

Question 15

It involves the process of selectively identifying antigens (proteins) in cells of a tissue section by exploiting the principle of antibodies binding specifically to antigens in biological tissues

Answer 15

Immunohistochemistry

Question 16

is the study of specific type of stem cells capable of evolving into many different types of specialized cells within the body

Answer 16

stem cell biology

Question 17

it refers to disease processes characterized by uncontrolled growth and spread of cells

Answer 17

Cancer Patho-physiology

Question 18

refers to the microscopic examination of tissue in order to study the manifestations of disease.

Answer 18

Histopathology

Question 19

is a medical procedure involving the examination of a dead body.

Answer 19

Autopsy

Question 20

describes in detail the tissues of the teeth, periodontium, and the surrounding oral mucosa.

Answer 20

Oral histology

Question 21

is the study of disease at the cellular level.

Answer 21

Cytopathology

Question 22

uses of histology

Answer 22

in education
diagnosis for treatment
in forensic investigations
in archeology

Question 23

It helps students to understand and recognize different types of tissues and bridges the gap between anatomy and physiology by showing what happens to tissues at the cellular level.

Answer 23

use of histology in education

Question 24

Biological tissue samples taken from a patient enable medical experts to learn and understand more the patient’s condition and make recommendations for its treatment or management.

Answer 24

use of histology in diagnosis treatment

Question 25

Forensic histology, immunohistochemistry and cytology involving microscopic study of biological tissues using various stains can help clarify the cause of sudden unexpected deaths and other issues in forensic science.

Answer 25

use of histology in forensic investigations

Question 26

Study of biological cells and tissues recovered from archaeological sites can provide information about history, even ancient history.

Answer 26

use of histology in archaeology

Question 27

Tissues are made of two interacting components namely _____ and its _____

Answer 27

cells extracellular matrix

Question 28

it provide a mechanical support for the cells, Transport nutrients to the cells, Carry away catabolites and secretory products.

Answer 28

extracellular matrix

Question 29

common orientations of tissue sections

Answer 29

1. longitudinal section 2. Oblique section 3. Cross/ Transverse section 4. Tangential section

Question 30

Preparation of Tissues for Study

Answer 30

Fixation Dehydration Clearing Infiltration Embedding

Question 31

a cut that is parallel to the longest dimension of the organ or specimen.

Answer 31

longitudinal section

Question 32

a cut that is at any angle between the longitudinal and transverse planes.

Answer 32

oblique section

Question 33

a cut that is perpendicular to the main plane of the organ or specimen

Answer 33

cross/ transverse section

Question 34

a section that only grazes the surface of a spherical structure.

Answer 34

tangential section

Question 35

Application of chemical fixatives; this is a crucial step in tissue preparation, and its purpose is to prevent tissue autolysis (where the tissue destroys itself) and putrefaction

Answer 35

Fixation

Question 36

process wherein the cell kills itself or self destructs

Answer 36

apoptosis

Question 37

is the first step, which involves immersing your species in increasing concentrations of alcohol to remove the water and formalin from the tissue (to be preserved)

Answer 37

dehydration

Question 38

an organic solvent such as xylene is used to remove the alcohol and allow infiltration with paraffin wax.

Answer 38

clearing

Question 39

issue is placed in melted paraffin until it becomes completely infiltrated with this substance

Answer 39

infiltration

Question 40

final step, where specimens are infiltrated with the embedding agent - usually paraffin wax.

Answer 40

embedding

Question 41

resulting paraffin block is trimmed to expose the tissue for sectioning (slicing) on a _____

Answer 41

microtome

Question 42

allow highly trained pathologists and researchers to view, under a microscope, tissue morphology (structure) or to look for the presence or prevalence of particular cell types, structures or even microorganisms

Answer 42

stains

Question 43

Methods of studying Tissues

Answer 43

Preparation of Tissues for Study Light Microscopy Autoradiography Cell & Tissue Culture Enzyme Histochemistry Visualizing Specific Molecules Interpretation of Structures in Tissue Sections

Question 44

A technique using X-ray film to visualize molecules or fragments of molecules that have been radioactively labeled

Answer 44

autoradiography

Question 45

as it being used to analyze the length and number of DNA Fragments after they are separated from one another by a method called gel electrophoresis

Answer 45

autoradiography

Question 46

is a vital part of life science research It is where live cells and tissues can be maintained and studied outside the body in culture (in vitro)

Answer 46

cell and tissue culture

Question 47

As cells are generally colorless, they need to be stained so that they can be easily viewed under the microscope.

Answer 47

tissue staining

Question 48

four types of tissue staining

Answer 48

Empirical Histochemical Enzymehistochemical Immunohistochemical

Question 49

simple stains used since many years and discovered by trial and error. They cause different coloration of the various components of the cells and tissues, allowing their ultrastructure to be viewed more clearly.

Answer 49

Empirical

Question 50

uses mixture of three different dyes to stain different components of tissues

Answer 50

Empirical: Trichome

Question 51

color muscle tissues yellow, and collagen

Answer 51

Empirical: van Gieson

Question 52

involves using stains that are specific to a particular molecule within the sample, allowing the chemical components of cells and tissues to be observed under the microscope.

Answer 52

Histochemical

Question 53

uses a staining agent to identify and locate activity of specific enzymes. For the enzymes to be active, this method requires the use of fresh tissue, which is generally incubated together with the substrate specific to the enzymes being observed.

Answer 53

enzymehistochemical

Question 54

Use specific enzymatic activities in lightly and fixed or unfixed tissue sections to produce visible products in the specific enzyme location.

Answer 54

enzyme histochemistry aka cytochemistry

Question 55

Fixation and paraffin embedding denatures most enzymes so histochemistry uses frozen tissue sections with _____

Answer 55

cryostat

Question 56

Classes of Enzyme that can be detected histochemically (tissue preparation)

Answer 56

Phosphatases Dehydrogenases Peroxidases

Question 57

which can be remove phosphate groups from macromolecules

Answer 57

Phosphatases

Question 58

which transfer hydrogen ions from one substrate to another such as many enzymes of the citric acid (Kreb cycle) allowing histochemical identification of such enzymes in mitochondria.

Answer 58

Dehydrogenases

Question 59

which promotes the oxidation of substrates with the transfer of hydrogen ions to hydrogen peroxide

Answer 59

Peroxidases

Question 60

a specific macromolecules present in tissue section that specifically bind certain targets in cells

Answer 60

visualizing specific molecules

Question 61

uses antibodies to detect specific cell molecules within tissue the antibodies are often attached to enzymes or immunofluorescence, that will induce a color change at the site of interest this method is also important in identifying abnormal cells, such as cancer cells immunofluorescence microscope fluorescent dye applied to the cell

Answer 61

Immunohistochemical

Question 62

a powerful microscopy-based technique for visualizing cellular components, for instance proteins or other macromolecules in tissue samples it is based on specific reactions between an antigen and antibodies labeled with visible markers often fluorescent compounds or peroxidase for light microscopy and gold particles for TEM

Answer 62

Immunohistochemistry (IHC) / Immunocytochemistry

Question 63

specific antibody that can attached to the antigen

Answer 63

antigen

Question 64

chroma is added to your tissue culture

Answer 64

secondary antigen