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HA&P2 > MODULE 1 > Flashcards

MODULE 1 Flashcards

Cardiovascular System pt 1

1
Q

What are the two main nodes? And where are they?

A

Sinoatrial Node - wall of right atrium
Atrioventricular node - interatrial septum

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2
Q

What are the different vessels of the heart conduction system?

A

The Nodes
AV bundle
Left & Right Bundle Branches
Purkinje Fibres

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3
Q

What is (re)polarisation?

A

The muscle fibers returning to their resting state (relaxing)

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4
Q

What is depolarization?

A

Electrical activity within cardiac cells forcing them to contract

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5
Q

What are the stages of an electrocardiagram?

A

P Wave (Atrial depolarization)
Pause (atrioventricular valves close)
QRS Wave (ventricular depolarization occurs simultaneously to atrial repolarization)
Pause (semilunar valves close)
T wave (ventricular repolarization occurs)

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6
Q

Where does neural control of the heart come from?
Where is it delivered?

A

Cardiovascular centre (medullar oblongata)
Nervous system (sympathetic and parasympathetic)

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7
Q

What are the main characteristics of cardiocytes? (5 answers)

A

Striated
Branched
1-2 nuclei surrounded by glucose
Many mitochondria
Intercalated discs (gap junctions)

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8
Q

What system does the cardiac muscle depend on for energy (and what’s it’s formula)?

A

Aerobic respiration
Oxygen + fuel = energy

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9
Q

What is cardiac muscle rich in

A

Myoglobin (sorted oxygen)
Glycogen (stored glucose)

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10
Q

What are the 3 main types of organic fuels for cardiocytes? Bonus: what are their percentages?

A

Fatty Acids (60%)
Glucose (35%)
Amino Acids (5%)

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11
Q

What is functional syncytium?

A

The myocardiums ability to act as a single coordinated unit (due to gap junctions allowing ion to flow)

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12
Q

Name the two main layers of the pericardium. Bonus name the 3 sublayers

A

Fibrous Pericardium
Serous Pericardium
Parietal Layer
Pericardial cavity
Visceral Layer / epicardium

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13
Q

What are the 3 layers of the heart wall

A

Endocardium - lines the heart chambers
Myocardium - heart muscle
Epicardium - outermost layer - connects to pericardium

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14
Q

What are the 4 chambers of the heart and which type of blood do they carry

A

Left Atrium & Left Ventricle - oxygenated blood
Right Atrium & Ventricle - deoxygenated blood

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15
Q

Name the 4 valves of the heart

A

Semilunar valves - aortic & pulmonary
Atrioventricular valves - left (mitral) and right (aka bicuspid and tricuspid)

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16
Q

What is the medical term for a heart attack and what causes a heart attack

A

Myocardial infarction
Blockage of coronary vessels

17
Q

Which vessels drain into the right atrium

A

IVC, SVC, Coronary sinus

18
Q

What vessel does the right ventricle pump blood through?
What are the sub vessels that branch off

A

Pulmonary Trunk
Left & Right pulmonary arteries

19
Q

What vessel does the left ventricle pump blood through?
What are the sub vessels that branch off?

A

Aorta
Left & right coronary artery
Brachiocephalic trunk
Left common carotid artery
Left subclavian artery

20
Q

How many pulmonary veins do most people have? And where do they drain

A

4 - 2 from each lung
They drain into the Left Atrium

21
Q

What is the Trabecular Carnea

A

Irregular ridges of muscles in the ventricles which makes sure blood doesn’t stagnate and clot

22
Q

What is the name of the hole from the foetal heart that closes over after birth

A

Fossa ovalis

23
Q

Where is Pectinate muscle found

A

The atriums

24
Q

What is the function of papillary muscle

A

An anchor point for chordae tendineae which works to open and close the heart valves

25
Q

What are the 3 main functions of blood? (With examples)

A

Distribution - O2, Nutrients, Wastes, Hormones
Regulation - Body Temp, pH, Fluid volumes
Protection - preventing blood loss and infection

26
Q

Which 3 cell types make up formed elements and what is their function?

A

Erythrocytes (RBC) - Carry O2/CO2
Leukocytes (WBC) - Immune Response
Platelets - Blood clotting

27
Q
A
28
Q

What is the main constituent of plasma?

A

Water

29
Q

What are the other important components of plasma?

A

Dissolved proteins, Glucose, electrolytes, clotting factors, hormones, O2, CO2

30
Q
A
31
Q

How big are each of the blood types?

A

RBC - 7.5 Micrometers diameter, 2.5 Micrometers thick
WBC - vary in types / sizes
Platelets - 2.4 Micrometers

32
Q

What are the percentages of differing blood types across Australian population?

A

According to red cross Australia
A - 38%
B - 10%
AB - 3%
O - 49%

33
Q

What is erythroblastosis Foetalis

A

Mother with Rh- has a Rh+ child and body rejects the foetus

HA&P2 (5 decks)

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