Module 1 Flashcards
What are the 6 characteristics of life
Cellular Organisation, Reproduction, Growth and Development, Heredity, Response to stimuli
Outline cellular organisation
The elements that make up a cell and their placement
Outline reproduction
reproducing offspring either sexually or asexually. Reproduction ensures the continuation of a species and the passing on of genetic information
outline growth and development
Organisms exhibit growth, where they will increase in size and complexity
outline metabolism
all chemical reactions that occur within a organism to sustain life
outline response to stimuli
living organisms respond and react to changes in their environment
outline heredity
organisms possess hereditary material such as DNA containing genetic info for organisms structure and function
outline the scale of life (biomolecules)
Building blocks of cells and include molecules such as nucleic acids (DNA, RNA), proteins, carbs etc
outline the scale of life (subcellular structures)
organelles within the cell
outline the scale of life (tissues)
specialised cells what work together to perform specific funstions
outline the scale of life (organs)
composed of different tissues that collaborate to carry out specific functions within an organism
what was Charles Darwins contribution (2)
- natural selection as a mechanism for evolution
- descent with modification
what is the concept “descent with modification” (Charles Darwin)
this concept suggests that species change over time and that new species arise from cmmon ancestors
requirements for natural selection (4)
Variation, inheritance, selection and time
what does the tree of life represent?
representation of the evolutionary relationships between all organisms
key features of the tree of life (4)
- common ancestry
- divergences and speciation
- nested hierarchy (where groups of organisms are classifies into progressively smaller and more specific categories, such as kingdom, phyla etc)
- biodiversity
what is endosymbiosis
endosymbiosis is a key concept in understanding the evolution of eukaryotic cells
what is that significance of endosymbiosis? (mitochondria)
responsible for cellular respiration and energy production (believed to originate from an endosymbiotic relationship between host cell and a ancestral bacterium)
what is that significance of endosymbiosis? (Chloroplast)
Found in photosynthetic organisms and are believed to have evolved through endosymbiosis between eukaryotic host cell and a photosynthetic cyanobacterium
what does a phylogenetic tree represent? (6)
- Evolutionary history
- Common ancestry
- Branching patterns
- Node and Internal Nodes
- Taxonomic relationships
- Evolutionary distance
What is evolutionary history (phylogenetic tree)
Shows how species have diversified and changed over time. it traces the ancestry and descent of organisms, indicated their relationship and the sequence of speciation events that have occured
What is common ancestry (phylogenetic tree)
The root of the tree represents the most recent common ancestor of all the organisms depicted. Shows that all living organisms on the tree share a common origin
what is branching patterns (phylogenetic tree)
The branches of the phylogenetic tree present the different lineages or groups of organisms. The points where the branches split or diverge represents speciation events, indicating the formation of new species
what is node and internal node (phylogenetic tree)
nodes are the point on the tree where branches intersect, representing common ancestor shared by the organisms connected to that node. Internal node represent common ancestors of groups of organisms that have diverged and given rise to distinct lineages
what is taxonomic relationship (phylogenetic tree)
organisms that are placed close together on the tree, while those more distant are placed further. Taxonomic categories such as kingdoms, phyla, classes etc can be represented along the branches of the tree
What is evolutionary relationships (phylogenetic tree)
The lengths of the branches of the phylogenetic tree represent evolution distance of genetic divergence between organisms. longer = greater genetic difference or longer periods of time since divergence.
list the three domains of life
Bacteria, Archaea and Ekarya
What are some exampled of building blocks
amino acids, nucleobases, simple carbohydrates, fatty acids
what are some examples of macromolecules
proteins, DNA, RNA, complex carbohydrates, lipids
what are some exampled of supramolecular assemblies
membranes, ribosomes, chromatid
what are some exampled of organelles
nucleus, mitochondria, golgi, endoplasmic reticulum
Outline the relationship between molecular “building blocks” and higher order structures
Molecular building blocks interact and assemble in precise ways to form higher order structures within cells (the assembly of higher order structures is essential for the organisation and function of cells)
Identify the structures of the major types of macromolecules in cells (4)
Proteins, Nucleic acids, Lipids and Carbohydrates
What are proteins
Composed of amino acids which are linked together through peptide bonds. The sequence of amino acids determines the primary structure of a protein
what is nucleic acid
Nucleic acids are polymers made up of nucleotides (Sugar, phosphate and nitrogenous base)
what are lipids
A diverse group of molecules that are hydrophobic. The primary structural feature of lipids is a hydrocarbon tail (fatty acid chain). The basic building block of most lipids is the triglyceride, composed of glycerol and three fatty acid chains. Phospholipids are a major component of cell membranes, consisting of a hydrophilic heat (phosphate group) and two hydrophobic fatty acid tails
What are carbohydrates
composed of sugar molecules (monosaccharides) that can form complex structures. They have branching and various linkages between sugar units, giving rise to structural diversity
what are monosaccharides made of
glucose and fructose
what are disaccharides made of
sucrose and lactose formed together by two joining monosaccharides
what are polysaccharides made of
starch, glycogen and cellulose formed by long chains of monosaccharides
what is the role of carbohydrates in cells
energy source
energy storage
structural support
what is the role of lipids in the cell
energy storage
structural component
insulation and protection
what is the role of proteins in the cell
enzymes (facilitating biochemical reactions)
structural support
transport
signalling and communication
defense
what is the role of nucleic acid in the cell
genetic information storage
protein synthesis
transmission of genetic information
regulation of gene expression
what are the main structures of the plasma membrane? (5)
- Selective permeability
- Cell signalling
- Cell adhesion and communication
- transport of molecules
- Protection and barrier function
describe what selective permeability means in terms of the plasma membrane
selective permeability in the plasma membrane allows the regulation of the movement of substances into and out of the cell (also maintains the internal environment)
describe what cell adhesion and communication means in terms of the plasma membrane
proteins in the plasma membrane enables cells to adhere to neighbouring cells and extracellular matrix, contributing to tissue structure and organisation
describe what cell signalling means in terms of the plasma membrane
the plasma membrane contains receptors and signalling molecules that allow the cell to receive and respond to external signals such as hormones or neurotransmitters
describe what transport of molecules means in terms of the plasma membrane
integral protein in the plasma membrane, such as channels, carriers and pumps, facilitate the transport of ions, nutrients and waste products across the membrane
describe what protection and barrier formation means in terms of the plasma membrane
the plasma membrane acts as a physical barrier aswell as maintaining the internal environment.
