Module 1

Question 1

What is temperament?

Answer 1

Tells us the differences in behaviour styles in children
- how ppl react differently to stimulation, and in patterns of
1. behavioural
2. attentional
3. emotional regulations

Question 2

How do children differ?

Answer 2

differ in terms of …
- anxiousness and excitedness
- ease of separating form caregivers
- how long they spend doing certain activities
- interactions with people etc.

Question 3

Is temperament biologically based?

Answer 3

• temperament is differences in how children behave and react and regulate in situations - these are biologically based

Question 4

How is temperament biologically based?

Answer 4

• bc notice temperament early on in infanthood, to early for the environment to have an impact in how child reacts and regulates
• and their temperament tends to remain stable over time

Question 5

What is evidence of biological influences?

Answer 5

• family studies
  
  • adopted children had similar temperament to biological parents compared to adoptive
• twin studies - identical twins are more similar in temperament compared to fraternal - they have different genetic makeup

Question 6

Can the environment influence temperament?

Answer 6

ABSOLUTELY
- the child’s temperament determines how much the environment will influence them
(temperamentally positive child will react differently to change compared to temperamentally negative child)
- the environment also influences how the temperament is expressed

Question 7

what is social development

Answer 7

encompasses INTERNALIZING and EXTERNALIZING Behaviour Problems

• internalizing (IBP): these are inward behaviour problems, such as anxiety and depression, dont openly express them
• externalizing (EBP): these are expressed externally, outward behaviour problems. Aggression and disruptive behaviour

Question 8

how does temperament influence behaviour problem?

Answer 8

certain temperaments can pace people at a greater risk for a certain behaviour problem
- ex. temperamentally frustrated child will be at higher risk for developing externalizing behaviour problems

Question 9

how does temperament interact with the environment?

Answer 9

temperament influences whether a child develops behaviour problems

Question 10

what are the 4 models of temperament that are related to social development?

Answer 10

1. unidireactional/ Direct effects
2. indirect effects
3. interactional model
4. Transactional model

Question 11

1. Unidirectional / Direct effects

Answer 11

here temperament had a direct affect on social development
- ex. “high inhibition (shyness) is related to social withdrawal

Question 12

2. indirect effects

Answer 12

temperament does not directly influence social development bc of a third variable

Question 13

what are the 2 ways a third variable can influence social development

Answer 13

if the 3rd variable is
- mediated: third variable affects outcome by an interaction with another variable.
- moderated: outcome is affected by the presence of the third variable, it does not interact

Question 14

3. Interactional

Answer 14

temperament affects social development through “goodness of fit”
- means we’re discovering whether temperament “fits” or “matches” the environment
- if temperament matches environment –> then positive social development
- if temperament does NOT match environment –> negative social development

• the interactional model tells us that there is many and multiple effects on development

Question 15

what are temperament-by-temperament interactions

Answer 15

this is when one temperament may control one from having negative outcomes
- ex. High self-regulatory could control expression of problematic traits such as negative reactivity - means actually more positive outcomes

Question 16

4. Transactional model

Answer 16

says that to understand development we need to analyse how a child’s characteristics and aspects of environment interact
- temperament can either RISK or PROTECT