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Cyber 100 > Module 1 > Flashcards

Module 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Authentication

A

A process that verifies that an account trying to access a system is valid and has provided valid credentials. The most common form of authentication is a login with a username and password.

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2
Q

Authorization

A

A process that verifies that an authenticated account has permission to perform an action on a system.

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3
Q

Basic Input/output system (BIOS)

A

Program code that is located in firmware, starts when the system is powered on, initializes hardware, performs system tests, and loads the operating system.

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4
Q

Beginner’s Al-Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code (BASIC)

A

An English-like computer programming language originally designed as a teaching tool, but which evolved into a useful and relatively powerful development language.

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5
Q

Boot Procedure

A

A series of steps performed by every computing device that starts with the application of power to the CPU and other hardware components and ends with a running system ready to perform work.

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6
Q

Bootstrap

A

A small program in a system’s firmware that locates and then loads the bootloader program, which is responsible for loading the initial process that makes up the operating system.

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7
Q

Complimentary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS)

A

A type of memory that stores a computer’s BIOS configuration. A CMOS chip uses a low-power memory technology that is powered by a small battery.

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8
Q

 Computer Hardware 

A

The physical devices in a computer, including the CPU, circuit boards, (cards), disk drive, monitor, and modem. 

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9
Q

Cooperative Multitasking 

A

An operating system design in which a running process must voluntarily relinquish control of the CPU to allow other processes to run. 

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10
Q

Deterministic 

A

A performance property of an operating system, or operating system component in which it is possible to determine the worst case response times under a given set of conditions.

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11
Q

Device Driver

A

A process that accesses hardware devices directly on behalf of other processes. 

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12
Q

Embedded System

A

A computer that has a dedicated function within a larger system, such as a piece of machinery.

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13
Q

Fault Tolerance

A

The ability of a system to recover from a hardware or software failure.

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14
Q

File Handle

A

An identifier for a file that contains all the information the file system needs to locate and access the file.

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15
Q

File System

A

The method by which an OS stores and organizes files and manages access to files on a storage device.

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16
Q

Firmware

A

Program code that is stored on a computer hardware in non-volatile memory and is responsible for performing diagnostic tests on booting the operating system.

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17
Q

Graphical user Interface (GUI)

A

An interface between the user and an operating system that presents information in an intuitive graphical format, including multiple colors, figures, icons, windows, toolbars, and other features. A GUI is usually deployed with a pointing device, such as a mouse, to make the user more productive.

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18
Q

Hot Adding

A

A hardware and software design that allows computer components t b added without shutting down the system.

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19
Q

Ho Swapping

A

A hardware and software design that allows failed computer components to be replaced without shutting down the system.

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20
Q

Interrupt

A

A signal that alerts the CPU that a device or process needs immediate attention (data needs to be read or written, for example).

21
Q

Interrupt Masking

A

A program statement that turns off some or all interrupts. On some systems, certain interrupts cannot be masked.

22
Q

Interrupt Request (IRQ) Line

A

A pin on a CPU that is connected to an I/O device and informs the CPU that the device needs attention.

23
Q

Interrupt Service Routine (ISR)

A

Program code that is executed when an interrupt occurs. If the interrupt is caused by an I/O device, the ISR calls the relevant device driver to service the device. Also called an interrupt handler.

24
Q

Kernel

A

A program that is the central component of an OS and runs with the highest priority. The kernel schedules processes to run, performs memory and I/O managements, and provides a number of security and resource protection functions.

25
Q

Kernel Mode

A

A CPU mode in which a process has unrestricted access to the computer hardware and has access to privileged CPU instructions.

26
Q

Load-Sharing Cluster

A

A server cluster that has two or more servers that alternate in taking client requests, which provides faster response time to clients. Also called a load-balancing cluster.

27
Q

Microsoft Disk Operating System (MS-DOS)

A

The first widely distributed operating system for microcomputers, created by Tim Paterson and a team at Microsoft that included Bill Gates. This generic computer code was used to control many basic computer hardware and software functions. MS-DOS is sometimes referred to as DOS.

28
Q

Multitasking Operating System

A

An operating system that allows a computer to run many processes at the same time.

29
Q

Multiuser Operating System

A

An operating system that allows multiple users to sign in to it, start and stop processes, interact with the user interface, and access the local file system.

30
Q

Non-Maskable Interrupt (NMI)

A

An interrupt that cannot be turned off.

31
Q

Non-Volatile Memory

A

Memory that maintains its contents when no power is applied to the system.

32
Q

Operating System (OS)

A

A computer program that provides a user interface, file system, services, and a kernel to manage the operation of computer hardware and facilitate application execution.

33
Q

Personal Digital Assistant (PDA)

A

A handheld device that can run email programs, calendars, note-taking apps, Web browsers, and other productivity applications, but does not have an integrated phone.

34
Q

Polling

A

A method of handling I/O devices in which the OS checks each device on after the other in a roun-robin fashion to see if it requires attention.

35
Q

Power-On Self Test (POST)

A

Tests, such as memory and hardware component tests, that are run by the BIOS when a computer starts.

36
Q

Preemptive Multitasking

A

An operating system design in which the OS is in strict control of when processes get CPU time and. For how long they get it.

37
Q

Process

A

A program that is loaded into memory and run by the CPU. A process can be a user application or a program with no user interface that communicates with and provides services to other processes.

38
Q

Process ID (PID)

A

A number assigned to a process that identifies the process, allowing other processes to communicate with it an the user to manage it.

39
Q

Scalability

A

The ability to easily add capacity to system, such as more memory, storage, or processing power.

40
Q

Server Operating System

A

An operating system that is primarily designed to share network resources such as storage and printers and provide network services to clients.

41
Q

Service

A

A process that runs in the background because there is no user interface.

42
Q

Single-Tasking Operating System

A

An operating system that can execute only a single process at a time.

43
Q

Single-User Operating System

A

An operating system that allows only one user at a time to Im meter at with the operating system user interface, start processes, make system configuration changes, and interact directly with the file system.

44
Q

Stand-Alone Operating System

A

An operating system that is not designed to interact with other operating systems and cannot access network resources.

45
Q

Trap

A

Program code that generates a software interrupt and that can be generated by user mode programs when they need immediate kernel services.

46
Q

Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI)

A

Program code that is located in firmware, starts when the system is powered on, initializes hardware, performs system tests, and loads the operating system. The UEFI performs functions similar to those of the BIOS and is used on modern personal computers.

47
Q

User Interface

A

A component of an operating system that provides a method for users to interact with the computer, usually with a keyboard and mouse or touch screen.

48
Q

User Mode

A

A CPU mode in which the process can only access memory locations allocated to it by the OS, must ask the OS to access I/O devices on its behalf, and can’t execute privileged CPU instructions.

Cyber 100 (1 decks)

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