Module 1 Flashcards
What are the Three Tenets of the cell theory?
- All living organisms are composed of one or more cells
- The cell is the basic unit of structure and organization in organisms.
- All cells come from pre-existing cells.
What does the cell theory describe
the properties of cells
Describe the two basic types of cells
- Prokaryotic-simple
-no nucleus or any membrane bound organelles
-smaller cells (~1-5 meu m)
-always unicellular
-binary fission
-always asexual
ex. Bacteria like E-coli - Eukaryotes-more complex
-has nucleus and membrane bound organelles
-larger cells (~10-30 meu m)
-usually multicellular
-mitosis/meosis
-sexual or asexual
ex. plants and animals
List the 8 primary cells on the human body
- Epithelial Cells- form protective barrier in tissues and may specialize to absorb or secrete specific compounds
- Muscle cell- responsible for movement of the skeleton, heart, and many internal organs like stomach.
They have specialized structures and proteins that allow them to generate motion. - Nerve Cells- conduct electrical signals throughout the body, control the contraction of muscles, and are responsible for senses including taste, touch, smell, sight, and hearing
- Connective Tissue Cells- create extracellular material that holds cells together in tissue. They may be specialized to absorb or resist external forces (ex. tendons).
- Bone Cells- Form bones of the skeletal system that gives strength and supports the body. Include osteoclast cells that degrade bone and osteoblast cells that create new bone.
- Secretory cells- form glands and secrete substances (ex. mucous, hormones).
- Adipose Cells- located throughout body and store fat in the form of triglycerides which released when body is in a period of fasting.
- Red Blood cells- formed primarily in bone marrow and released into circulation where they move and deliver oxygen throughout body.
Are stem cells considered eukaryotic or prokaryotic?
Eukaryotic as can differentiate into many more cell types called blasts.
ex. red blood cells
Eukaryotic cells have many smaller structures contained within them called blank
organelles
What are the cellular structures to maintain life sustaining functions?
-Cytoskeleton
steel grindles holding buildings together
actin, microtubules and intermediate filaments are structural filaments that use mechanical resistance to stabilize membrane deformations.
myosin, kinesin, and dynein are motor (force) proteins that generate forces or motion
-Endoplasmic Recticulum (ER)
Acts as a highway system carrying molecules around cell and as a factory warehouse that makes lipids and proteins plus stores ions
-Endosomes, Lysosomes and Peroxisomes
peroxisomes deal with hazardous materials and “neutralize” it
endosomes are waste collectors who sort and breakdown contents which arrive outside cell and send through endocytosis to find spot
lysosomes recycle plants which breaks down proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids to molecular building blocks.
actin, microtubules and intermediate filaments are structural filaments that use mechanical resistance to stabilize membrane deformations.
myosin, kinesin, and dynein are motor (force) proteins that generate forces or motion
-Golgi apparatus
post office that processes and packages proteins then sends them across the cell.
-Mitochondria
power plant which produces energy for the cell to use in all of its processes in the form of ATP, a kind of cellular “currency”. number of mitochondria depends on function.
-Nucelus
leader of cell and makes “laws”. stores DNA and protects with a double membrane, nuclear pores, and a unique fluid called nucleoplasm
-Plasma Membrane
semi-permeable phospholipid bilayer which keeps cell organelles contained and regulates what can come in or out of cell through using specialized proteins.
What are the two fundamental building blocks to the cell?
water and carbon
What is one of the main formation causes of membrane
like disolve like-Hydrophobic attracting hydrophobic
3 key aspects to carbon molecules
-large
-non polar
so hydrophobic
define hydrophilic
molecules attracted to water
define hydrophilic
molecules then try to keep away from water
2 Most important properties of water
- Polarity- facilitates delivery of nutrients and removal of waste. allows cell to exist by facilitating movement of chemical messengers and makes excellent solvent
- Specific heat capacity
high specific heat capacity allows for thermoregulation and acts as heat sink for many chemical reactions exchange heat between liquid and air
What is the importance of carbon
-building block to life
-small and can form up to four covalent bonds
-flexibility in bond numbers allows for large variety of molecules important to lipid life
ex. benzene (6 carbon and double bond), pyridine (double bond, w replacing a c), cyclopentane (single bond), cyclohexane (single bond)
Lipids
-lipids are building blocks for oils and fats
-made of hydrocarbon chains
-amphipathic but usually quiet hydrophobic
ex. cholesterols which regulate fluidity biological component to hormone etc.
Phospholipids which have a hydrophilic head hydrophobic tails, form bilayer
-trigylcerides which body fat in animals that stores energy
