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GCSE AQA Physics > Module 1 > Flashcards

Module 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Define a system

A

An object or group of objects

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2
Q

What term might you give to an object or group of objects

A

A system

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3
Q

Describe the energy changes for an object is projected upwards

A

Kinetic energy turns into gravitational potential energy as the object rises. At it’s highest point, it has no kinetic energy and maximum gravitational potential energy. As it decends, the gravitational potential energy turns into kinetic energy

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4
Q

Describe the energy changes for a moving object hitting an obstacle

A

Kinetic energy get’s transfered to the obstacle. If the obstacle moves, then the obstacle will gain kinectic energy. If the object remains still (e.g. a solid wall), then the energy transfered will be to elastic potential energy

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5
Q

Describe the energy changes for an object accelerated by a constant force

A

The object will keep gaining kinetic energy. If there are resistive forces, the object will eventually maintain a constant speed once the resistice force is equal to the force applied to the object

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6
Q

Describe the energy changes for a vehicle slowing down

A

The kinetic energy of the vehicle will be dissapated by a resistive force, most likely friction through the brakes. This will cause the energy to be transfered to heat energy in the brakes.

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7
Q

Describe the energy changes for bringing water to a boil in an electric kettle

A

Electical energy will be transfered to heat energy in the water. Some energy may be wasted as heat energy to the surroundings, or as sound energy.

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8
Q

What is the equation of kinetic energy?

A

Ek = 0.5mv^2, where m = mass and v = speed

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9
Q

What energy is quantified by 0.5 * mass * (speed)^2?

A

Kinetic energy

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10
Q

What is kinetic energy

A

The amount of energy associated with a moving object

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11
Q

What type of energy does a moving object have?

A

Kinetic Energy

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12
Q

What is elastic potential energy?

A

The amount of energy associated with a compression or extention, e.g. a stretched spring

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13
Q

What type of energy does a stretched spring have?

A

Elastic potential energy

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14
Q

What type of energy does an object raised above ground level have?

A

Gravitational Potential Energy

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15
Q

What is elastic potential energy?

A

The amount of energy associated with an object raised above ground level

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16
Q

What is the equation for gravitation potential energy?

A

Ep = mgh where m = mass, g = gravitational field strength and h = height above the ground

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17
Q

Define specific heat capacity

A

The amount of energy required to raise the temperature of one kilogram of a substance by 1 degree Celsius

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18
Q

What term relates to the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of one kilogram of a substance by 1 degree Celsius?

A

Specific Heat Capacity

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19
Q

Define Power

A

The rate at which energy is transfered/the rate at which work is done

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20
Q

What word is used to describe the rate at which energy is transferred?

A

Power

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21
Q

What word is used to describe the rate at which work is done?

A

Power

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22
Q

Define the equation for power in terms of energy transferred

A

Power = energy transferred/time

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23
Q

Define the equation for power in terms of work done

A

Power = work done/time

24
Q

What is the unit of Power?

A

Watts (W)

25
Q

What quantity is measured in Watts?

A

Power

26
Q

What quantity is measured in Joules?

A

Energy/Work Done

27
Q

Define the Watt

A

An energy transfer of 1 joule per second

28
Q

Explain, with an example, the definition of power

A

That two units doing the same amount of work will still require the same amount of energy, but the unit with the higher power will do the work quicker, for example two electric motors lifting the same weight through the same height, but at different speeds.

29
Q

Explain why two different motors lifting the same mass the same height will use the same amount of energy, but take different amounts of time

A

Due to the same work being done/same amount of energy being transferred, but having different power ratings

30
Q

Explain the conservation of energy

A

Energy can be transferred usefully, stored, or dissipated, but cannot be created nor destroyed

31
Q

What term is used to describe the theory that energy can only be transferred usefully, stored, or disspated, but not created nor destroyed?

A

The conservation of energy

32
Q

What is a key characteristic of a ‘closed system’?

A

Energy cannot leave nor entery the system, so there is no net change to the total energy

33
Q

What type of system will have no net change to the total energy?

A

A closed system

34
Q

How can unwanted energy transfers be reduced?

A

By reducing the means of the system dissipating energy, e.g. lubrication or thermal insulation

35
Q

What might be the effect of adding lubrication or adding thermal insulation to a system?

A

Reducing unwanted energy transfers which are dissipating the energy

36
Q

Describe how an object with a higher thermal conductivity will effect its energy transfer by conduction

A

An object with higher thermal conductivity will have a higher rate of energy transfer by conduction

37
Q

Explain how the rate of energy transfer by conduction can be quantified and compared

A

Rate of energy transfer can be quantified through thermal conductivity, and objects with a greater rate of energy transfer will have a higher value of thermal conductivity

38
Q

Describe and explain the ideal characteristics of walls of a building to reduce the rate of cooling

A

Walls which are thicker and have a smaller value of thermal conductivity would be preferred, as this will give the slowest rate of heat transfer through conduction, so the slowest rate of cooling.

39
Q

Explain how a wall made from a material with a high thermal conductivity will affect its rate of cooling

A

A wall made with a material with a high thermal conductivity will have a high rate of energy transfer by conduction, so will have a fast rate of cooling

40
Q

Explain how a wall which is thicker will affect its rate of cooling

A

A wall which is thicker will mean that the energy will have to travel further by conduction to leave the wall, so will have a slower rate of cooling

41
Q

Define the equation of efficiency, in terms of energy transferred

A

Useful energy output/total energy input

42
Q

Define the equation of efficiency, in terms of power

A

Useful power output/total power input

43
Q

Define efficiency, in terms of energy transferred

A

The percentage of useful energy transferred compared to the total energy transferred

44
Q

Define efficiency, in terms of power

A

The percentage of power output, compared with the total power input

45
Q

Suggest ways to increase the efficiency of an intended energy transfer

A

By reducing the amount of energy dissipated, e.g. thermal insulation or lubrication. Often, machinery will have ‘optimal running points’ where they are able to run most efficiently, e.g. running a car at 20mph vs 50mph

46
Q

What are the main energy resources available for use on Earth

A

Fossil Fuels, Nuclear fuel, Bio-fuel, Wind, Hydro-electricity, geothermal, tidal, the sun and water waves.

47
Q

Define renewable energy resource

A

An energy resource that is being (or can be) replenished as it is used.

48
Q

What type of energy resource is being replenished (or can be replenished) as it is used

A

Renewable energy resource

49
Q

Give some examples of non-renewable energy resources

A

Fossil Fuels, Nuclear Fuels

50
Q

Give some examples of renewable energy resources

A

Bio-fuels, Wind, Hydro-electricity, geothermal, tidal, the sun, water waves.

51
Q

What are the main ways different energy resources are used?

A

Transport, electricity generation and heating

52
Q

Why are more energy resources more reliable than others?

A

Resources like fossil fuels are very predictable, and you can control how much energy you will receive, whilst energy resources like wind are not predicable, and it is difficult to influence the amount of energy which can me received.

53
Q

Compare powering a city with a coal fired powerstation with a wind farm

A

A coal fired power station would give a reliable and controllable amount of energy, but is non-renewable and damaging to the environment. A wind farm, however, is a renewable energy resource which is not as directly damaging to the environment at point of use, but doesn’t give a reliable and controllable amount of energy

54
Q

Discuss the enironmental impacts of different energy resources

A

Energy resources such as fossil fuels release green house gasses at point of use. which can contribute towards global warming. Nuclear Fuels produce radioactive waste, which needs to properly disposed of. Bio-fuels also release green house gassses at point of use, but absorb green house gases, such as CO2 whilst are being generated. Energy resources such as wind, hydro-electricity, geothermal, tidal, the sun and water waves, don’t damage the environment at point of use, but preparing the area for use can still cause environmental damage.

55
Q

What sort of issues can science identify in relation to issues arising from the use of energy resources?

A

Environmental issues

56
Q

Why can science not deal with issues relating to use of energy resources that it can identify?

A

Due to political, social, ethical and economical considerations

57
Q

Explain the trends in the use of energy resources over time in the United Kingdom

A

As time went on, the demand of energy has increased, so the amount of resources to transfer energy being used has increased. As environmental issues from sources such as fossil fuels have been discovered, along with an understanding that they will run out, these are being phased out and replaced with more favourable resources, such as renewable sources and nuclear fuel

GCSE AQA Physics (2 decks)

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