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Horticulture Soils > Module 1: > Flashcards

Module 1: Flashcards

1
Q

Components of Soil

A

45% mineral material
5% organic matter
25% water
25% air

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2
Q

Physical Properties of Soil

A

Soil Texture
Soil Structure
Soil Porosity
Organic Components

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3
Q

LFH Horizon

A

> 30% organic matter
composed of leaves, twigs, and woody material

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4
Q

O Horizon

A

> 30% organic matter
composed of mosses, rushes, and woody material

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5
Q

A Horizon

A

<30% organic matter
near soil surface

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6
Q

E Horizon

A

leached of mineral/organic content

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7
Q

B Horizon

A

mineral horizon, subsoil, less organic than A

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8
Q

C Horizon

A

mineral horizon, not very organic

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9
Q

5 Factors of Soil Formation

A

Parent Material
Climate
Biota
Time
Topography

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10
Q

Soil Texture

A

relative size of mineral particles

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11
Q

Soil Structure

A

quality of soil particles binding to form larger particles

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12
Q

Soil Particle Surface Area

A

as particle size decreases, surface area increases.

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13
Q

Bulk Density

A

Measure of weight for a given volume of soil and gauges soil porosity/ compaction
Fine textured/organic soils have lower bulk density

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14
Q

Factors Influencing Soil Compaction

A

Structure
Soil Sortedness
compaction force
soil saturation

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15
Q

Cohesion

A

Bonding of like substances (water and water)

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16
Q

Adhesion

A

Bonding of different substances (water and soil)

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17
Q

Macropore

A

large channels btwn aggregated particles (peds and clods), allowing water and air flow.

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18
Q

Micropore (Capillary Pores)

A

Small channels within aggregated particles (peds and clods)

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19
Q

Soil Colloids

A

small soil particles (clay/humus), suspended in water solution

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20
Q

Available Water

A

water in soil between field capacity and permenent wilting point

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21
Q

Saturation Point

A

water cannot hold anymore water

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22
Q

Gravitational Water

A

Water that drains out of macropores (without charge)

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23
Q

Capillary Water

A

Water held in mircopores (with charge)

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24
Q

Field Capacity

A

after drained, the maximum water holding porosity

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25
Q

Hygroscopic Water

A

water held to soil particles at permenent wilting point

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26
Q

Permenent Wilting Point

A

soil so dry that plants cannot pull any water from it.

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27
Q

Saturated Flow

A

movement of water when soil is saturated

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28
Q

Unsaturated Flow

A

movement of water at field capacity or lower

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29
Q

Primary Nutrients from Air:

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen

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30
Q

Primary Macronutrients

A

Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium

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31
Q

Nitrogen Function

A

part of amino acids and chlorophyll (photosynthesis)
essential for growth
mobile
deficient if leaves yellowing
found in ammonium and nitrate

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32
Q

Phosphorus Function

A

in every living cell
essential for growth, root development, flowering
deficient if leaves turning red

33
Q

Potassium Function

A

required for function of stomata
deficient if leaf margins yellowing

34
Q

Secondary Macronutrients

A

Magnesium, Calcium, Sulphur

35
Q

Micronutrients

A

Aluminium, Cobalt, Copper, Nickel, Zinc, Manganese, Molybdenum, Iron, Boron, and Chlorine

36
Q

Mobile Nutrients

A

Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium, Magnesium, Molybdenum, Chlorine

37
Q

Immobile Nutrients

A

Calcium, Sulphur, Iron, Boron, Copper, and Zinc

38
Q

Raising pH

A

Use lime.

39
Q

Lowering pH

A

Use elemental sulphur.

40
Q

Carbon Cycle

A

Natures way of reusing carbon atoms which travel from atmosphere into organisms in the earth back into atmosphere over and over again.

41
Q

Nitrogen Cycle Steps

A
  1. Nitrogen fixation NH3
  2. Nitrification NH3 to NO4
  3. Assimilation NO4 to biological tissues
  4. Ammonification biological tissues to NH3
  5. Denitrification NH3 to N2
42
Q

Nitrification

A

makes nitrogen available to plants by converting ammonia/um to nitrite/ate

43
Q

Denitrification

A

nitrate converted to N2 in atosphere

44
Q

Mineralization

A

organic matter to plant available nutrients

45
Q

Immobilization

A

inorganic nutrients to insoluble organic forms

46
Q

Nitrogen Fixation

A

bacteria fix atmosphere N to become available for plants through amino acids

47
Q

Rhizobia

A

fix nitrogen, bacteria w mutualistic relationship with legumes

48
Q

Frankia

A

bacteria w mutualistic N fixing relationship with examples alder and myrica

49
Q

CEC

A

cation exchange capacity

50
Q

1st Trophic Level

A

Photosynthesizers

51
Q

2nd Trophic Level

A

Decomposers
Mutualists
Pathogens, parasites and root feeders

52
Q

3rd Trophic Level

A

Shredders
Predators
Grazers

53
Q

4th Trophic Level

A

Higher level predators

54
Q

5th and higher Trophic Levels

A

Higher level predators

55
Q

Parasitism

A

One organism lives off another organisms (not mutually benficial)

56
Q

Mutualism

A

beneficial relationship between individuals of different species.

57
Q

Mutualistic Bacteria

A

bacteria feeds on roots as an energy source in exchange for nitrogen for plants

58
Q

Mychorryzal Fungi

A

association btwn mycelium of fungus and roots of a seed plant

59
Q

Plant Root Exudates

A

chemicals that plant roots secrete into rhizosphere, creating reactions w soil organisms

60
Q

Exogenous factors

A

UV
Saturation
Plant Stress

61
Q

Endogenous factors

A

Lateral root production
Flowering
Age

62
Q

Soil Quality

A

capacity of each soil to function within its natural/managed ecosystems and sustain productivity

63
Q

Soil Health

A

condition of the soil and potential to sustain biological functions and environmental quality

64
Q

Key Threats to Soil

A

erosion
compaction
land use change
construction
cultivation

65
Q

Tools to prevent soil loss

A

compostable blankets
berms
erosion socks

66
Q

Fresh manure

A

high salt and nitrogen
weedy
high carbon

67
Q

Well Rotted Manure

A

less salt
sometimes less carbon
contains bedding materials
mushroom growth

68
Q

Mushroom Manure

A

less salt
high pH 6.5 to 8
some pesticide residue

69
Q

Sheep Manure

A

thoroughly digested
no smell
few weeds
high salt

70
Q

Poultry Manure

A

harmful to humans
ph 6.5-8
sterile
source calcium/nitrogen
STINKY

71
Q

Cow/Steer Manure

A

no weeds
high salt

72
Q

Pig Manure

A

needs to be well decomposed
excellent C:N
low salts

73
Q

Types of Ammending Soil

A

roto tilling
single/double digging
green manures
texturely
biologically

74
Q

Types of Composting

A

static pile
static pile (enclosed)
tumbler
worm bin
bokashi

75
Q

C:N Ratio

A

bacteria that can decompose carbon also need nitrogen at a range of concentration (ideally 30:1)

76
Q

Moisture Content

A

decomposing organisms need water (ideally 50-60%)

77
Q

Surface Area

A

smaller particles decompose quicker

78
Q

Temperature Compost

A

bacteria will create heat through respiration and high microbial activity.

Horticulture Soils (1 decks)

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