Module 1 Flashcards
Refers to the science dealing with the collection, organization, analysis, and interpretation of numerical data.
Statistics
Refers to the application of statistical methods to the life sciences like biology, medicine, and public health
Biostatistics
Is a set of data or a mass of observation, like public health
Plural “statistics”
Is the body of methods or techniques for the organization and analysis of collected information
Singular “statistics”
Data on vital events as to the number of birth, death, and marriages
Vital statistics
Bookkeeping of humanity
Vital statistics
6 special uses of vital statistics
- Accidents
- Suicides
- Communicable disease control
- Maternal and infant mortality
- Occupation statistics
- Value of periodic medical exam
3 important uses of vital statistics
- Legal use
- Source material
- Health units
Example of legal use (vital stat)
Birth registration
Death registration
Where is birth registration legally needed?
- school entrance
- employment
- securing drivers license
- marriage license
- to enter military service
Where is death registration used legally?
In claiming life insurance upon the death of the benefactor
Example of Source material (vital stat)
Logbook where data is written
It contains data on birth and death registration for mortality and natality statistics
Example of Health units (vital stat)
Refers to the health workers who take part in the administration of gov’t health programs
As the health units:
- it guides epidemiology in combat of disease
- sanitarians see to it that portable H2O supply is given to the public to minimize typhoid fever
- health workers attain the needs of the people by giving proper care and treatment
Keeps information pertains to health
Health statistics
Covers a wide variety of numeric information including data on morbidity, hospitality, and clinic statistics, as well as service statistics
Health statistics
The bookkeeping of public health because it keeps records on data of clinics, hospitals, and treatment
Health statistics
The application of health statistics to public health data are as follows: (7)
- Nutrition
- Sanitation
- Industrial hygiene
- Dentistry
- Laboratory
- Epidemiology
- Maternal child hygiene
Uses different methods of statistics to summarize and present data in narrative from
Descriptive Statistics
Example of descriptive statistics
- methods of tabulation
- graphical presentation
- computation of averages
- measures of variability
Uses generalization and conclusions about target population w/c is based on results from a sample
Inferential statistics
Example of inferential statistics
Experimental method
The tendency of measurable characteristics to change from one individual or setting within the same individual or setting
Phenomena of variation
Example of phenomena variation
Persons blood pressure
Methods of tabulation
Descriptive statistics
Graphical presentation
Descriptive statistics
Computation of averages
Descriptive statistics
Measures of variability
Descriptive statistics
Experimental method
Inferential statistics
2 types of variable:
- Qualitative
2. Quantitative
Categorical variable allow for classification of individuals based on attributes and characteristics
Qualitative
Deals with numerical data
Indicates a quantity or amount
Quantitative
2 types of variables (in terms of research)
- Constant
2. Independent/ dependent variable
Values remain the same from time to time
Constant
Example:
- minutes per hour
- numbers of days a week
Constant
Measured according to quantity or values and are expressed numerically
Independent/dependent variable
Example:
- birth weight
- hospital bed capacity
- arm circumference
- population size
Independent/dependent variable
Types of independent/dependent variable
- Discrete Variable
2. Continuous Variable
Variable w/c can assume only integral values or whole numbers
Discrete variables
No decimal
Discrete variables
Example:
- 1560 books
Discrete variables
Variables w/c can attain values in terms of fraction or decimal
Continuous variable
5.5kg birth weight
Continuous variable
11.2cm arm circumference
Continuous variable
Levels of measurement
- Nominal
- Ordinal
- Interval
- Ratio
Numbers or symbols used to classify an object, person, or characteristic into categories
Nominal
Example:
- a collection of yes, no, and undecided responses to a medical survey question
Nominal
Data arranged in some order but differences between data values cannot be determined
Ordinal
Ranking order
Ordinal
Example:
- size of t shirt
Ordinal
Example:
- socio economic status
Ordinal
Example:
- 10 urine samples, 6 were rated normal, 4 pathological
Ordinal
Characterized by a common and constant unit and measurement
Interval
The distance between any two numbers on the scale are known sizes
Interval
Example
- temp. 15°C and 35°C
Interval
Has true point wherein the number zero indicates the absence of the characteristics under consideration
Ratio
Example:
- height in meters
Ration
Example:
- Weight in kilograms
Ratio
2 sources of data collection
- Primary data
2. Secondary data
Obtained firsthand by the investigator from first-hand sources
Primary data
Example:
- thesis and dissertations
- interview and questionnaire
- letters, diaries, and autobiographies
- experimentation
- journal and newspaper
Primary data
Are finished products taken from raw materials
Secondary data
Data w/c are already existing
Secondary data
Example:
- data obtained from the registry of cases of hospitals
- documentation material
- book of factual information i.e. textbooks
Secondary data
Role of biostatistician:
- Formulate scientific question to be investigated
- Designs an experiment that answers the postulate question
- Collect data
- Analyze and interpret data
Methodological research:
- Statistical techniques
- High speed of computing
- Geographical patterns of disease
- Clinical trials
- Data analysis in epidemiology studies
