Module 1 Flashcards by Kaitlin Wagner

AP Projection

Central Ray (CR) entering the interior body surface in exiting the posterior body surface

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What is defined as the path of the central ray as it exits the x-ray tube and goes through the patient to the IR

Projection

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Relationship formed between the central ray in the body as the central ray passes through the entire body or body part

Projection

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A perpendicular central ray enters the anterior body surface and exits the posterior body surface

AP projection

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A perpendicular central ray is shown entering the posterior body surface and exiting the anterior body surface

Posteroanterior (PA) projection

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AP projection can be shown

In the supine or dorsal recumbent body position; upright, seated, or a lateral decubitus position

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Posteroanterior (PA) Projection illustrates the patient in a

Upright body position. Can also be achieved with a seated, prone (ventral recumbent), and lateral decubitous position

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Perpendicular CR enters lateral surface and exits opposite lateral surface of part/body

Lateral

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Perpendicular CR enters anterior surface and exits posterior surface of rotated (oblique) part/body

AP oblique

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Perpendicular CR enters posterior surface and exits anterior surface of rotated (oblique) parts/body

PA Oblique

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CR is angled longitudinally more than 10 degrees

Axial

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Angled CR enters anterior surface and exits posterior surface of part/body

Specific CR angle amount and direction required *

AP axial

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Angled CR enters posterior surface and exit anterior surface of part/body

specific CR angle amount and direction required *

PA axial

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Angle CR enters posterior surface and exits anterior of rotated (oblique) part/body

AP axial oblique

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Angle CR enters posterior surface and exit anterior surface of rotated (oblique) part/body

PA axial oblique

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Associated positions are: supine, upright (facing X-ray tubes), lateral decubitus, extremity position with coronal plane parallel to IR

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Associated positions are: Prone, upright (facing IR/bucky), lateral decubitus, extremity positioned with coronal plane parallel to IR

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Associated positions are: Left lateral, right lateral, dorsal or ventral decubitus, extremity positioned with coronal planes perpendicular to IR

Lateral

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Left posterior oblique (LPO), Right posterior oblique (RPO), Extremity positioned with coronal plane rotated in relation to IR

AP oblique

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Left anterior oblique (LAO), Right anterior oblique (RAO), Extremity position with coronal plane rotated in relation to IR

PA oblique

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Associated positions: Any position

Axial

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Associated positions: Supine and upright (facing x-ray tubes)

AP axial

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Associated positions: Prone and upright (facing IR/Bucky)

PA axial

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LPO or RPO position

AP axial oblique

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LPO

Left posterior oblique

RPO

Right posterior oblique

LAO

Left anterior oblique

RAO

Right anterior oblique

LAO or RAO Position

PA axial oblique

Refers to all projections in which the longitudinal angulation between the central ray and the long axis of the body part is 10° or more

Axial

Longitudinal angulation of the central ray with the long axis of the body or a specific body part

Axial projection

Central ray is directed toward the outer margin of a curved body surface to profile a body part just under the surface and projected it free of super imposition

Tangental projection

Formed between the central ray in the entire body or body part

Tangental projection

A perpendicular central ray enters one side of the body or body part, passes transversely along the coronal plane, and exits the opposite side

Lateral projection

Can enter from either side of the body or body part as needed for the examination

Lateral projection

A left lateral position or right lateral position specifies the

Side of the body closest to the IR and corresponds with the side exited by the central ray

For a right lateral position, the central ray enters

The left side of the body and exits the right side

During an oblique projection the central ray enters the body or body part from

A side angle following an oblique plane. May enter from either side of the body and from anterior or posterior surfaces

If the central ray enters the anterior surface and exits the opposite posterior surface it is an

AP oblique projection

If the central ray enters the posterior surface and exits anteriorly it is a

PA oblique projection

Most oblique projections are achieved by Rotating the patient with the central ray

Perpendicular to the IR

A right posterior oblique (RPO) Position places the

Right posterior surface of the body closest to the IR and corresponds with an AP oblique projection exiting through the same side

Projections may be defined by

Entrance and exit points and by the central ray relationship to the body at the same time

PA axial projection

Central ray enters the posterior body surface and exits the anterior body surface following an axial or angled trajectory relative to the entire body or body part

What is defined as the common variations in the shape of the human body

Body habitus

What are some of the organs affected by body habitus

Heart, lungs, diaphragm, stomach, colon, gallbladder

Anterior (ventral)

Forward or front part of the body or organ

Posterior (dorsal)

Back part of body or organ

Caudad

Parts away from the head of the body

Cephalad

Parts toward the head

Projection should be related to the

X-ray tube

Path of the central ray as it exits x-ray tube and goes through patient to IR

Projection

Most are defined by entrance and exit points in the body and based on anatomic position

Projection

CR enters from a side angle | Entrance and exit surfaces still specified

Oblique

Erect or vertical

Upright

Upright, but sitting on a stool

Seated

Lying down in any position

Recumbent

Lying face down

Prone

Supine with the head lower than the feet

Trendelenburg position

Supine with the head elevated

Fowler position

Recumbent with patient lying on left anterior side with left leg extended and right knee and thigh partially flexed

Sims’ position

Recumbent position with a horizontal CR | Named according to the body surface on which the patient is lying

Decubitus position

Upright position in which the patient is leaning backwards

Lordotic Position

Body is rotated so that the coronal plate is not parallel with the table or IR

Oblique position

Named according to the side and surface of body closer to the table or IR

Oblique position

Describes the body part as seen by the IR

View

PA projection of chest is what type of view

AP view

RPO

Right posterior oblique

What position places the right posterior surface of the body closest to the IR and corresponds with an AP oblique projection exiting through the same side?

RPO (right posterior oblique)

Most common: Chest X-ray procedure

PA & Left lateral (we need two different images so that we have 2 radiographs 90° from each other to see all of chest anatomy)

Left lateral

It will position the heart closer to the IR and decreasing magnification of the heart

What does fluid in the lungs on X-ray look like?

Sinks to bottom of lungs; settles at the costophrenic angles and it will make angles look blunted

If the patient has free air in lungs

Free air rises to the top of lungs

If patient is lying down with fluid in lungs, what happens to the fluid

Spreads throughout lungs and we won’t be able to see it

Why do we use 72 inch SID

Decrease magnification of heart

Is chest X-ray going to be done on inspiration or expiration?

Inspiration

Decubitus

When pt is laying on left or right side and we use a horizontal beam

Where would the lead shield on PA exam be?

Behind the patient covering their behind

Where would the lead shield go on a patient getting a left lateral?

Covering their right hip

Exposures are usually made after the ___ deep inspiration

Second

For PA chest, top of IP should be ____ above relaxed shoulders to get apices of lungs in image

1 1/2 to 2 inches

Center point for PA chest is

T7 - tip of scapula

Sternolclavicular joints

* where heads of clavicles meet sternum | * where you will check for rotation; you want equal distance from spinous process of the spine

Scapula

•needs to be out of the lung field on chest X-ray

Costophrenic angle

* sharp means no blood or fluid in lungs | * rounded means blood or fluid in lungs

Left lateral chest X-ray is routinely used to minimize magnification of the __

Heart

Lateral chest X-ray position

* MSP (mid sagittal plane) parallel: MCP (midcoronal plane) perpendicular to IR * shoulder in contact with grid * extended arms over head, flex elbows, rest for arms on head * provide IV stand for patients to hold * make sure patient is not leaning sideways or bending forward

Lateral chest X-ray

* CR directed perpendicular to IP; enters patient on MCP at level T7 * exposure made at end of second deep inspiration