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Module 1 Flashcards

1
Q

The study and use of theory and methods to analyze data from random processes or phenomena

A

Statistics

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2
Q

This is a branch of applied statistics directed towards application in the health sciences and biology

A

Biostatistics

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3
Q

What is the Process of Applying Statistics?

A
  1. Making a Hypothesis
  2. Gathering Data
  3. Drawing Interferences
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4
Q

A process in applying statistics that design experiments and observational studies

A

Making a Hypothesis (step 1)

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5
Q

A process in Applying Statistics that summarizes data / Summary of Data

A

Gathering Data (step 2)

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6
Q

A process of Applying Statistics that tests the hypothesis

A

Drawing Interferences (step 3)

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7
Q

Applications of Biostatistics (~First 6)

A
  1. In community and public medicine
  2. In cancer research
  3. In advance medical technologies
  4. In pharmacy
  5. In ecology
  6. In demography
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8
Q

Application of Biostatistics (~Last 6)

A
  1. In population genetics and statistical genetics
  2. In bioinformatics
  3. In systems biology
  4. In agriculture
  5. In genetics
  6. In physiology and anatomy
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9
Q

The two main branches of Epidemiological Studies

A

Non-Experimental (Observational) Studies

Experimental (Interventional) Studies

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10
Q

This is also called Observational Studies

A

Non-Experimental Studies

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11
Q

This Study can be divided into Population Based and Individual Based Study

A

Non-Experimental Studies

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12
Q

2 Types of Non-Experimental Studies

A
  1. Population Based Studies

2. Individual Based Studies

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13
Q

Two types of Population Based Studies

A
  • Descriptive Study

- Analytic Study

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14
Q

This study aims to generate a hypothesis by answering:

“ What? Who? Where? When? ”

A

Descriptive Study (Population Based)

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15
Q

Example of of Descriptive Study

Population Bases Study

A

Incidence Study

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16
Q

“Newly reported or registered disease cases compared over time, place, or person. Population estimates or other population group totals used denominators”

A

Incidence Study

Population Based Study “Descriptive”

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17
Q

This study aims to generate a hypothesis by answering
“ Why? And How? “ questions

“Uses Comparison Group”

A

Analytical Study (Population Based)

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18
Q

The goal of this study is to measure the association between exposure and outcome

A

Analytic Study (Population Based)

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19
Q

Example of Analytic Study

Population Based Study

A

Ecological Study

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20
Q

“Rates are linked to the level of exposure to some agent for the group as a whole”

A

Ecological Study

Population Based “Analytic”

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21
Q

Two types of Individual Based Studies

A
  • Descriptive Study

- Analytical Study

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22
Q

Example of this study is “Case Reports”

A

Descriptive Study (Individual Based)

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23
Q

This is prepared for illustrating novels, unusual or atypical features identified in patients in medical practice

Can potentially generate new research questions

A

Case Report

Individual Based “Descriptive”

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24
Q

Examples of this study are

  • Cross Sectional Study
  • Case Control Study
  • Cohort Study
A

Analytical Study (Individual Based)

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25
Q

This study is used to learn about the characteristics of a population at one point in time

Does not use comparison group

A

Cross-Sectional Study

Individual Based “Analytic”

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26
Q

This study is for

  • rare diseases
  • multiple exposure that may be related to a single outcome
A

Case-Control Study

Individual Based “Analytic”

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27
Q

Also known as “Longitudinal Study” or “Follow-Up Study”

A

Cohort Study

Individual Based “Analytic”

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28
Q

This study can be used to find multiple outcomes from a single exposure

A

Cohort Study

Individual Based “Analytic”

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29
Q

What is a Cohort?

A

Well-defined group of individuals who share common characteristics or experience

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30
Q

“Well-defined group of individuals who share common characteristics or experience”

A

Cohort

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31
Q

This study has two branches

  • Randomized Study
  • Non-Randomized Study
A

Experimental Studies

32
Q

Aims of Experimental Studies

A

To provide scientific proof of etiological factors which may permit modification or control of disease

To provide a method of measuring the effectiveness and efficiency of health services for the prevention, control, and treatment of disease and improve health of the community

33
Q

Under this branch if Experimental Studies are Clinical Trials and Control Trials

A 
Randomized Study 
(Experimental Studies)
34
Q

A study where people are allocated at random (by chance alone) to receive one of several clinical interventions

A

Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT)

35
Q

What is the meaning of RCT?

A

Randomized Controlled Trial

36
Q

One of the interventions is the standard comparison or control

A

Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT)

37
Q 
The control may be standard practice 
A placebo (“sugar pill”) or no intervention
A

Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT)

38
Q

This seeks to measure and compare the outcomes after the participants receive the intervention

A

Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT)

39
Q

Under this branch of Experimental Studies are:

  • Quasi Experimental Research
  • Field Trial
  • Community Trial
A

Non-Randomized Study

Experimental Studies

40
Q

This shared similarities with traditional experimental design or randomized controlled trial

It lacks the element of random assignment to treatment or control

A

Quasi-Experimental Research

Experimental Studies “Non-Randomized”

41
Q

Applies preventive interventions to healthy individuals

A 
Field Trial 
(Experimental Studies “Non-Randomized”)
42
Q

Applies intervention to aggregative units

A 
Community Trial
(Experimental Studies “Non-Randomized”)
43
Q

What is Data?

A

It is the observation of random variables made on the elements of a sample

44
Q

“The quantities (number) or qualities (attributes) are measured or observed to be collected and analyzed”

45
Q

What are the two types of data?

A

Observational Data

Experimental Data

46
Q

Researchers collect data based in what is seen and heard

“Researchers should not interfere with the subject or variables in any way”

A

Observational Data

47
Q

Researchers produced this by measurement, test method, and experimental design

“Can have control over some variables”

A

Experimental Data

48
Q

What are the Methods of Data Presentation?

A
  • Textual
  • Tabular
  • Graphical
49
Q

Data gathered are presented in paragraph from

Methods of Data Presentation

50
Q

Data is written and read

Method of Data Presentation

51
Q

This form of data presentation is a combination of texts and figures

(Methods of Data Presentation)

52
Q

This method of presenting data uses a statistical table

53
Q

What are the parts of Tabular Data?

A
  1. Table Heading
  2. Stubs
  3. Box Head
  4. Body
  5. Footnotes
  6. Source Note
54
Q

Part of Tabular Data that consists of the table number and title

A

Table Heading

55
Q

This part of Tabular Data consists of categories which are found on the left side of the body of the table

56
Q

This part of Tabular Data is at the top of the column

57
Q

This part of Tabular Data is the main part of the table

58
Q

This part of Tabular Data consists of any statements or notes that may be inserted

59
Q

This part of the Tabular Data is the source of the statistics

A

Source Note

60
Q

This is the most effective manner of presenting data

61
Q

Examples of this method of data presenting are: Pie, Barr, Venn, Histogram, and Epidemic Curve

62
Q

This Graphic Presentation is used to examine a relationship between two (non-sequential) variables

A

Scatterplot

63
Q

This Graphical Presentation is used where the x-axis represents some sequential variable like time or distance along transect

64
Q

This Graphic Presentation has two different y-axes

Primarily used in the same sorts of situations as line plot

You compare the pattern of change in two different types of variables

A

Double Y Plot

65
Q

This Graphical Presentation is either used to present means (and appropriate error bars) or counts of some sort including proportions and percentages

Can be horizontal or vertical

66
Q

This Graphic Presentation combines features of line plots and stacked bar charts

This is generally used to show trends in time or space

67
Q

This Graphical Presentation is familiar to everyone but is relatively limited used for scientific figures

68
Q

This Graphical Presentation lets you discover and show the underlying frequency distribution (shape) of a set of continuous data

69
Q

This Graphic Presentation is a method of organizing raw data in a compact form by displaying the data in ascending/descending order together with their frequencies

A

Frequency Table

70
Q

This Graphical Presentation is a diagram of representing mathematical and logical sets

Common element is represented by the areas that overlap among circles.

A

Venn Diagram

71
Q

This Graphical Presentation is a visual display of the onset of illness among cases associated with an outbreak

A

Epidemic Curve

72
Q

What are the different roles of application of quantitative research to public health

A
  1. Survey Study
  2. Surveillance Study
  3. Observational Study
  4. Experimental Study
73
Q

This study is used to estimate the extent of the disease in the population

A

Survey Study

74
Q

This study us designed to monitor or detect specific diseases

A

Surveillance Study

75
Q

This study investigates the association between exposure and a disease outcome

A

Observational Study

76
Q

This study relies on the “natural” allocation of individual to exposed or non-exposed groups

A

Observational Study

77
Q

This study also investigates the association between exposure and disease outcome of individuals who are “intentionally” placed into treatment groups by the investigators

A

Experimental Study

Biostatistics (2 decks)

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