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Mycology and Virology > Module 1 > Flashcards

Module 1 Flashcards

1
Q

bacteria were discovered to be capable of being infected by viruses. The bacterial invaders were called

A

Bacteriophages / phages

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2
Q

In what year does bacteria were discovered to be capable of being infected by viruses.

A

1915

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3
Q

The concept behind modern virology can be traced back to who, independently in the late 1880’s, discovered what was later to be called tobacco mosaic virus (TMV).

A

Adolf Mayer
Dimitri Ivanofsky
Martinus Beijerinck

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4
Q

The first filterable agent from animals, foot and mouth disease virus, was described by ____ and ___. What year was it discovered?

A

Loeffler
Frosch
1898

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5
Q

first human filterable agent discovered was called

A

Yellow fever virus

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6
Q

first human filterable agent or yelloe fever virus was discovered by _____ and what year?

A

Walter Reed

1901

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7
Q

The term ‘virus’ derives from the Latin word _______.

A

Slimy liquid / poison

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8
Q

The first term for the virus is ________.

A

Filterable agent

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9
Q

The first virus to be visualized by x-ray crystallography and electron microscopy was

A

TMV

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10
Q

The two people who worked independently, are credited with the discovery of viruses which could infect and lyse bacteria. Year?

A

Frederick Twort
Felix d’Herelle
1941 and 1939

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11
Q

Who introduced the term ‘bacteriophages’ for these agents and also described the concepts of virus adsorption to its target, cell lysis and release of infectious particles.

A

Felix d’Herelle

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12
Q

An infectious agent composed of nucleic acid (RNA or DNA), a protein shell (capsid) and, in some cases, a lipid envelope.

A

VIRUS PARTICLE OR VIRION

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13
Q

It has a full capacity for replication when a susceptible target cell is encountered.

A

Virion

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14
Q

The protein coat that surrounds the viral nucleic acid.

A

Capsid

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15
Q

Capsid are composed of repeating protein MID 29 subunits called

A

Capsomeres

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16
Q

The complete protein-nucleic acid complex.

A

Nucleocapsid

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17
Q

Viruses which require a second virus (helper virus) for replication.

A

SATELLITE OR DEFECTIVE VIRUSES

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18
Q

It is an example of defective virus that requires the presence of hepatitis B virus to complete its replication cycle.

A

Hepatitis D

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19
Q

smallest known autonomously replicating molecules. They consist of single- stranded, circular RNA, 240-375 residues in length and are plant pathogens.

A

Viroids

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20
Q

not viruses but are often discussed within this microbiologic category.

A

Prions

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21
Q

It is an infectious protein molecules that contain no definable nucleic acid and are responsible for the transmissible and familial spongiform encephalopathies

A

Prions

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22
Q

The pathogenic prion protein that is formed from a normal human protein, PrPC , through post-translational processing

A

PrPSc

23
Q

Modern classification is based on what characteristics.

A

A. Type of viral nucleic acid (RNA or DNA, single- stranded or double-stranded) and its replication strategy.

B. Capsid symmetry (icosahedral or helical).

C. Presence or absence of lipid envelope.

D. Structure

24
Q

What are the four different viral capsid shape?

A

Helical
Polyhedral
Spherical
Complex

25
Q

ssDNA - nonenveloped

A

Parvoviridae

26
Q

dsDNA - enveloped

A

Poxviridae
Herpesviridae
Hepadnaviridae

27
Q

dsDNA - nonenveloped

A

Adenoviridae

papillomaviridae

28
Q

dsDNA - enveloped that replicates through an RNA intermediate

A

Hepadnaviridae

29
Q

dsRNA - nonenveloped

A

Reoviridae

30
Q

ssRNA - (-) strand - enveloped

A 
Filoviridae
Bunyaviridae
Rhabdoviridae
Orthomyxoviridae
Paramyxoviridae
Arenaviridae
31
Q

ssRNA - (+) strand - enveloped

A

Togaviridae
Flaviviridae
Coronaviridae
Retroviridae

32
Q

ssRNA - (+) strand - nonenveloped

A

Picornaviridae

Caliciviridae

33
Q

The seven (7) several stages are?

A
  1. Attachment
  2. Entry
  3. Uncoating
  4. Replication
  5. Assembly
  6. Release
According to the picture:
Attachment
Penetration
Uncoating
Release
Assembly
Biosynthesis
34
Q

The virus becomes attached to the cell by specific cellular receptors which can
be glycoproteins, phospholipids or glycolipids.

A

Attachment

35
Q

Following attachment the virus can enter the cell, most commonly via receptor mediated endocytosis. This is the same process
by which many hormones enter the cell.

A

Entry

36
Q

Once inside the host cell, the viral capsid must be uncoated to release the viral nucleic acid. Uncoating may be achieved by host or viral enzymes that will degrade the capsid.

A

Uncoating

37
Q

Once uncoated, viruses (DNA or RNA) replicate by switching the host machinery from cellular protein synthesis to viral synthesis and viral proteins are produced.

A

Replication

38
Q

Newly synthesised viral proteins
are post-transcriptionally modified and packaged into virions that can be released from the infected host cell to infect other cells.

A

Assembly

39
Q

Virions are released from the cell either by lysis or budding. In lysis, the infected cell dies and the virions are released. In budding, the virion takes some of the host cell’s membrane with it as it leaves – this normally does not kill the infected cell.

A

Release

40
Q

Explain the Selection of Specimens

A

The specimen should be collected from the target organ most closely associated with clinical symptoms to identify the etiologic agent responsible for the patient’s disease.

41
Q

What reagent prevents the specimen drying, maintains viral viability and retards the growth of microbial contaminants.

A

VTM

Viral Transport Medium

42
Q

What VTM contains?

A

VTM contains gelatin and antimicrobial agents in a buffered salt solution.

43
Q

What supplies do you use for certain samples such as urethral swabs?

A

Sterile cotton

Dacron or rayon-tipped swabs with plastic or aluminum shafts small-tip flexible (fine- shafted aluminum) swabs

44
Q

What supplied to be used for aspirating vesicular fluid?

A

Tuberculin syringe with 26- or 27-gauge needle

45
Q

What supplies to be used for blood?

A

Blood collection tubes containing anticoagulant (ACD)

-yellow top

46
Q

What swabs should not be used?

A

Alginate swabs or wooden-shafted swabs

47
Q

Specimen preparation for throat wash

A

The patient gargles with 10 mL of sterile balanced salt solution (Hank’s or Earles BSS) or trypticase soy broth (TSB); expelled into a sterile container.

48
Q

Specimen preparation for Urine

A

Random clean catch sample

collected in a sterile container.

49
Q

Specimen preparation for Blood

A

Collect 7-10 mL of blood in a Yellow ACD tube (Solution A or B). Blood more than 72 hrs old from time of collection to the time of processing will be rejected.

50
Q

Specimen preparation for Naso-pharyngeal swab

A

Insert a flexible fine-shafted swab through the nostril into the nasopharynx and rotate swab gently a few times. Place into M4 viral transport media.

51
Q

Specimen preparation for vesicle fluids

A

Withdraw vesicle fluid using a
tuberculin syringe or swab the vesicle and place it in an M4 Culture Transport Tube or 1 ml of BSS or TSB; crusted, dry lesions are not vesicles and are not appropriate for virus isolation.

52
Q

Specimen preparation for tissue

A

Collect aseptically and keep moist by placing in sterile container with 2 mL of BSS (Hanks Phosphate Buffered Saline), TSB, saline or viral transport media M4.

53
Q

Specimen preparation for stool

A

Approximately 5 gm of stool placed in a tightly-capped sterile container without preservatives. A swab covered with stool is acceptable for culture but not preferred. Swabs are UNACCEPTABLE for Clostridium difficile toxin.

Mycology and Virology (1 decks)

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