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Module 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Characteristics that define life

A
  • Cellular organization
  • Reproduction
  • Metabolism
  • Homeostatic
  • Hereditary
  • Response to stimuli
  • Growth
  • Adaptation (evolution)
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2
Q

Scale of life

A

Ranging from biological molecules in nm to single cells in um to multicellular with a broad range.

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3
Q

Requirements of natural selection

A
  • Variation in a population
  • Inheritance of hereditary variation
  • Some form of selection filter
  • Time
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4
Q

Macromolecules

A

Mostly formed of polymerization of building blocks:

  • Nucleic acids (RNA and DNA)
  • Carbohydrates (polysaccharides)
  • Lipids (fats)
  • Proteins (polypeptides)
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5
Q

Building blocks

A

The basis building blocks of larger molecules, often with variations:

  • Amino acid (peptide)
  • Nucleobases (for nucleic acids)
  • Simple Carbs (sugars)
  • Fatty acids
  • Hydrocarbon rings (hex and pent)
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6
Q

Supramolecular assemblies

A

Assembled of macromolecules and building blocks to serve specific functions:

  • Membranes
  • Ribosomes
  • Chromatin
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7
Q

Mono saccharide

A

Simple sugar which can be assembled into macromolecules, either hexosaccharide (leading to higher order carbs) or pentosaccharide (leading to larger molecules, such as nucleic acids) depending on number of carbons

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8
Q

Disaccharide

A

Simple sugar, composed of 2 monosaccharides which are easily broken down for energy

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9
Q

Oligosaccharide

A

3-10 monosaccharides stuck together

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10
Q

Polysaccharide

A

10 or more mono saccharides

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11
Q

Starch

A

Amylose and amylopectin, plant exclusive production and entirely glucose composed

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12
Q

Glycogen

A

Animal only, glucose monomer composition, good store of energy

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13
Q

Cellulose

A

Fiber of plants formed of glucose in an H-bond regular pattern

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14
Q

Functions of Carbohydrates

A

Recognition - for cell communication and identification
Energy - both for storage and use (via enzyme breakdown)
Structure - Cellulose provides plants structure and humans their dietary fibre

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15
Q

Nucleotide

A

Phosphate group attached to ribose sugar attached to nucleic base. The building block for nucleotides

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16
Q

RNA

A

Single stranded helix, bases point to center

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17
Q

DNA

A

Double helix makes knots, bases matched, but pointing to centre

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18
Q

Phospholipid

A

Hydrophilic head of glycerol with hydrophobic tails of fatty acids. Component of cell membranes

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19
Q

Cholesterol

A

Same as phospholipid, but shorter tail, component of membrane. Steroidal and can be turned to test/estrogen

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20
Q

Functions of Lipids

A

Structure - such as in cell membranes
Regulation - cholesterol can be used to make hormones
Energy - ‘fat’ aka triacylglycerol which has glycerol column ester bound to carbohydrates

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21
Q

Peripheral protein

A

Not embedded in lipid bilayer, loosely bound to membrane surface, often attached to an exposed integral protein

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22
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Structure that helps maintain organization and mechanical support for cell function. Composed of interlinking protein filaments and spans entire cytoplasm

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23
Q

Functions of integral proteins

A

Transport - either active or passive provides hydrophilic channel for selected solutes
Enzyme - involved in processing compounds for metabolism
Signal transduction - May have a binding site for a signaling molecule
Recognition - Glycoproteins can function as ID tags that match receptors
Intercellular joining - Membrane proteins may hook together to form junctions
Structure - Can provide point of attachment between cytoskeleton and ECM

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24
Q

Selective permeability

A

Allows some substance to pass through more easily than others

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25
Channel protein
Integral protein which provides a hydrophilic channel for certain ions/molecules
26
Aquaporin
Integral protein often formed of 4 identical polypeptide units, provides channel for water molecules to pass through in single file
27
Carrier protein
Integral protein which holds onto passengers then changes shape in some way to transport selected molecule through membrane
28
Osmoregulation
Control of solute concentrations and water balance
29
Turgor ressure
Applied by cell wall to prevent lysing of cells with cells walls when exposed to excess water. This force provides the structural support of all non woody pieces of plants
30
Ion channels
Integral proteins used for transporting ions. If gated may respond to stimuli to initiate the moving of said ions
31
Cotransport
The use of one entity moving down it's diffusion gradient to move another entity up it's diffusion gradient. Requires the compounds to be on the correct sides of the bilayer. Also called indirect active transport
32
Cytosol
Semifluid, jellylike substance in which subcellular components are suspended
33
Cytoplasm
The space between the cell membrane and the nucleus
34
Microvilli
Membranous appendages of cells intended to increase surface area while negligibly increasing volume
35
Cell compartmentalization
Provides different environments that support specific metabolic processes so incompatible processes can occur simultaneously within cells
36
Exocytosis
Large molecules excreted in carrier vesicles via fusion with cell membrane
37
Endocytosis
Large molecules are taken in when membrane envelopes them pinching off to produce a vesicle
38
Evolved fluidity
Natural selection has favored organisms whose membrane lipids ensure an appropriate level of fluidity
39
Transmembrane protein
Spans entire lipid bilayer
40
Integral protein
Penetrate hydrophobic interior of bilayer. Hydrophobic section is a stretch of alpha helical non-polar amino acids. Hydrophilic part is exposed to extracellular fluid, cytosol or both
41
Chloroplast
Photosynthetic organelle of plants
42
Chromatin
Mass of DNA and associated proteins found between nucleolus and nuclear envelope
43
Endomembrane system
Composed of ER, golgi, lysosome, vacuole and vesicles. Either directly connected or using vesicles for transport
44
Cisternae
Create a space that has a large surface area in the ER and Golgi
45
ER Lumen
Name of space formed by cisternae
46
Smooth ER processes
``` Synthesis (lipids) Metabolism (carbs) Detoxifications (drugs and poisons) Storage (Calcium ions) Adapt and adjust to match needs (eg more sER if alcoholic) ```
47
Rough ER processes
Packaging and distribution of secretory proteins Membrane production, grows in place by adding proteins and lipids to itself Note: Ribosomes attached to ER do not produce cytosol proteins
48
Golgi Apparatus
- Distinct structural directionality via membrane thickness (cis > trans) - Cisternae not physically connected - Involved in processing pf phospholipids and glycoproteins
49
Golgi Faces
Cis - Toward ER, receiving side | Trans - Away from ER, dispatch side
50
Cisternal maturation model
Cisternae of Golgi process from cis -> trans carrying and modifying cargo as they go
51
Lysosome
Membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that function best in acidic conditions which the lysosome provides. Made is rough ER, passed into Golgi for processing and budding from trans face
52
Autophagy
Lysosome fuses with vesicle of cell material for recycling. Enzymes process cell matter into simpler organic material then secrete it into the cytosol. Involved in cell death
53
Exocytosis process
- Vesicle containing containing secretory molecule buds of Golgi - Vesicle travels microtubule to plasma membrane - Outer vesicle binds to internal cell membrane - Membranes fuse releasing macromolecule
54
Phagocytosis
Cell engulfs particle by extending pseudopodia, packing the particle in a membranous sac
55
Pinocytosis
Cell continuously gulps droplets of extracellular fluid into vesicles formed by infolding of membrane. Non-specific in its retrieval process grabbing various solutes
56
Receptor mediated pinocytosis
Enables bulk acquisition of a specific resource. Facilitated by proteins with the desired receptor being embedded in cell membrane. Still grabs random shit, proteins are recycled
57
Glycosyation
Add or modify carbohydrates or macromolecules. Performed primarily by Golgi
58
Constitutive exocytosis
Releases ECM proteins in a constant mannor
59
Regulated exocytosis
Releases hormones and neuro-transmitters. These remain stored in vesicles until a stimuli prompts their release
60
Phagosome
Resulting vesicle of phagocytosis that will be bound to lysosome for digestion

Cels191 (1 decks)

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