Module 1 Flashcards
Just four years after Watson proposed his view that children are blank slates, whose ideas, preferences, and skills are shaped by the environment, Gesell came forth with which perspective of child development?
Biological maturation was the main principle of development.
How does negative reinforcement affect behavior?
With negative reinforcement, you increase a desired behavior by taking away something unpleasant.
Who suggested that we develop in a healthy fashion by confronting and resolving developmental crises in our lives?
Erik Erikson
Which thinker suggested that children are born a “tabula rasa?”
John Locke.
Which of the following is the correct order of Freud’s psychosexual stages?
Oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital.
The period of middle childhood is generally defined as the years from 6 to 12. In Western societies, the beginning of this period is usually marked by
A child’s entry into first grade.
The concept of shaping suggests
Complex behaviors can be taught by reinforcing small steps toward behavioral goals.
Who suggested that we develop in a healthy fashion by confronting and resolving a series of developmental crises in our lives?
Erik Erikson
In Piaget’s cognitive-developmental theory, children pass through four distinct stages, which are
Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operations, and formal operations.
Which research strategy only involves the study of the same individuals over a period of time?
Longitudinal approach
How is the definition of “child” different from that of “infant?”
Infancy is defined as the first 2 years of life, whereas childhood lasts from birth to puberty.
Which of the following represents observational learning?
Gina watches her mother mow the grass & then she pushes her toy lawnmower around the lawn in a similar way.
How is “theory” defined?
Related sets of statements about events.
Which stage in Erikson’s theory involves the development of independence?
autonomy vs. shame & doubt.
The application of learning theory in helping children overcome behavior disorders or to cope with adjustments problems is often referred to as
Behavior modification.
