Module 1 Flashcards
a set of events, outside the learners which are designed to support internal
process of learning.
TEACHING
it is imparting knowledge and skills required to master a subject
matter.
To the traditionalist- teaching
needs of the learner
planning phase
Teaching process
- planning
- implementation phase
- evaluation
CONSIDERATIONS IN PLANNING
o Learner o Availability of materials o Time requirement of particular activity o Strategy need to achieve the objective o Teacher
to put into action the different
activities in order to achieve the objectives through the subject matter.
implementation phase
This phase answers the question if the plans and implementation have been
successfully achieved. It is achieved if the objective matches the learning outcome.
Evaluation phase
relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior as the result of
experience.
learning
Types of learning
Cognitive
Affective
Sensory
development of ideas and concept
cognitive
- experiences w/in w/c emotions and affect take precedence.
affective
understanding through senses and muscles (P.E.)
sensory
Basic Elements: - teaching-learning process
- Assessment
- Planning
- Implementation
- Evaluation
Domain of Practical Skills
- Imitation
- Control
- Automatism
Domain of Communication Skills
- receiving
- responding
- internalization
Domain of Intellectual Skills
- recall of fact
- interpretation of data
- problem solving
three main theories
- classical conditioning
- operant conditioning
- social conditioning
elucidated from Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov.
classical conidtioning
russian physiologist
ivan pavlov
learning that occurs when a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a stimulus that naturally
produces a behavior.
classical conditioning
3 stages of classical conditioning
- before
- during
- after
In this stage, the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) produces an unconditioned
response (UCR) in an organism. In basic terms, this means that a stimulus in the
environment has produced a behavior / response which is unlearned (i.e.,
unconditioned) and therefore is a natural response which has not been taught.
before
During this stage, a stimulus which produces no response (i.e., neutral) is
associated with the unconditioned stimulus at which point it now becomes known as
the conditioned stimulus
during
conditioned stimulus (CS) has been associated with the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) to create a new conditioned response (CR)
after
major theorist is B.F. Skinner.
operant
voluntary responses are strengthened or weakened as a result of their consequences.
operant
major theorist
B.F. Skinner
Basic Principles of Operant Conditioning
- positive reinforcement
- negative reinforcement
- presentation punishment (type 1)
- removal punishment (type2)
- extinction
- spontaneous recovery
- generalization
- discrimination
- shaping
Strengthening a behavior (increasing the probability that it will reoccur) by presenting a positive stimulus immediately after the behavior has occurred.
positive reinforcement
Strengthening a behavior (increasing the probability that it will reoccur) by removing a negative stimulus immediately after the behavior has occurred
negative reinforcement
Weakening a behavior (decreasing)
the probability that it will reoccur) by presenting an aversive stimulus
immediately after the behavior has occurred
Presentation Punishment (Type I)
Weakening a behavior
(decreasing the probability that it will reoccur) by removing a positive
stimulus immediately after the behavior has occurred
Removal Punishment (Type II, or time-out)
– When a previously reinforced behavior decreases in frequency
and eventually ceases altogether because reinforcement is withheld.
Extinction
When an extinguished behavior reappears
without having been reinforced.
Spontaneous Recovery
When an individual learns to make a particular response
to a particular stimulus and then makes the same or a similar response in
a slightly different situation
Generalization
When an individual learns to notice the unique aspects of
seemingly similar situations and thus responds differently
Discrimination
-Reducing complex behaviors into a sequence of more simple behaviors
– Reinforcing successive approximations to the complex behavior
Shaping
elucidated from Albert Bandura.
SOCIAL CONDITIONING
learning
can take place all at once
social conditioning
directly related to the particular culture that one is involved.
social conditioning
learning theory based on the idea that people
learn by observing others.
Social Cognitive Theory
Three Determinants of Behavior
- personal
- behavioral
- environmental
an individual has high or low self-efficacy toward the
behavior
personal
response an individual receives after they perform a behavior
behavioral
Aspects of the environment or setting that influence the
individual’s ability to successfully complete a behavior
environemental
methods used to help students learn the desired course
contents and be able to develop achievable goals in the future.
teaching strategies
Teacher sets up and directs most if not all aspects of class instruction, objectives, etc.
Teacher-directed instruction
Students have considerable say in the issues addressed in class as well as how to address them. This type of instruction is more interactive, hands-on, and collaborative.
Learner-directed instruction -
an approach in which information is presented in more or less
the same form in which students are expected to learn it
expository instruction
approach where students are actually doing
something rather than just hearing or reading about it
hands-on & practice activities
approach where the classroom is based
on social interaction between students
Interactive and Collaborative Approaches
Types of teaching method
- TEACHER –CENTERED
- LEARNER-CENTERED -
- CONTENT-METHOD -
- INTERACTIVE OR PARTICIPATIVE
Teacher as master of the subjects
TEACHER –CENTERED
- The teacher is also a learner
- Participation of the students
- The teacher learns as he teach
LEARNER-CENTERED
- Focused on the content
- Same content passed in the generations
- Perennialism
CONTENT-METHOD
- Depends on the situations the teacher and the
students have
INTERACTIVE OR PARTICIPATIVE
encompasses all the materials and physical means an instructor
might use to implement instruction and facilitate students’ achievement of instructional
objectives. T
Instructional Media
Types of Instructional Media
Non-Projected Media Projected Media Audio Media Motion Media Hyper Media Gaming Media
- Process that informs, motivates, and helps people to adopt and
maintain healthy practices and life styles.
Health education
Objectives
Informing people
Motivating people
Guiding into action
Approach to public health
- Regulatory approach
- Service approach
- Educational approach
