Module 06: Administration of Medication (Part 01) Flashcards
This is the study of drugs and their interaction with living things which encompasses the physical, and chemical properties biochemical and physiologic effects.
Pharmacology
This is any chemical that can affect living processes.
Drug
These are substances administered for the diagnosis, cure, treatment or relief of a symptom or for prevention of disease
Medication
This is the written direction for the preparation and administration of a drug.
Prescription
This is the art of preparing, compounding and dispensing drug.
Pharmacy
This drug name describes the drug’s chemical structure (eg acetylsalicylic acid).
Chemical Name
This is the official, nonproprietary name, not owned by any company and universally accepted (eg. aspirin)
Generic Name
This drug name is the proprietary name, chosen by the drug company and registered as trademark (eg. St. Joseph’s Aspirin).
Trade or Brand Name
This type of medication is a liquid, powder, or foam deposited in a thin layer on the skin by air pressure.
Aerosol spray or foam
This type of medication is one or more drugs dissolved in water.
Aqueous Solution
This type of medication is one or more drugs finely divided in a liquid such as water.
Aqueous Suspension
This type of medication is a solid form, shaped like a capsule, coated and easily swallowed.
Caplet
This type of medication is in a gelatinous container to hold a drug in powder, liquid or oil form.
Capsule
This type of medication is non-greasy, semisolid preparation used on the skin,
Cream
This type of medication is a sweetened and aromatic solution of alcohol used as a vehicle for medicinal agents.
Elixir
This type of medication is a concentrated form of drug made from vegetables and animals.
Extract
This type of medication is a clear or translucent semisolid that liquefies when applied to the skin.
Gel or jelly
This type of medication is a medication mixed with alcohol, oil, or soapy emollient and applied to the skin.
Liniment
This type of medication is a liquid suspension on the skin.
Lotion
This type of medication is a flat, round, or oval preparation that releases a drug when held in the mouth.
Lozenge (troche)
This type of medication is a semisolid preparation of one or more drugs used for application of the skin and mucuos membranes.
Ointment (salve or unction)
This type of medication is preparation like an ointment but thicker and stiff that penetrates the skin less than an ointment.
Paste
This type of medication is one or more drugs, mixed with cohesive material in oval round or flatted shapes.
Pili
This type of medication is a finely ground drug or drugs; some are used internally and some are used externally.
Powder
This type of medication is one or several drugs mixed with a firm base such as gelatin and shaped for insertion into the body (eg the rectum); the base gradually dissolves at body temperature releasing the drug.
Suppository
This type of medication is an aqueous solution of sugar used to often disguised unpleasant tasting drugs.
Syrup
This type of medication is a powdered drug compressed into a hard, small disk where some are readily broken along a scored line and some are enteric coated to prevent them from dissolving in the stomach.
Tablet
This type of medication is an alcoholic or water and alcohol solution from drugs derived from plants.
Tincture
This type of medication is a semipermeable membrane shaped in the form of a disk or a path that contains a drug to be absorbed through the skin over a long period of time.
Transdermal Path
What are the ten (10) rights to medication administration?
(1) Right Patient
(2) Right Route
(3) Right Time
(4) Right Drug
(5) Right Dose
(6) Right Documentation
(7) Right Education
(8) Right Refuse
(9) Right Assessment
(10) Right Evaluation
This is the preferred and expected effect for which the medication is administered to a specific client. One medication may have more than one therapeutic effect (for example, one client administered with acetaminophen to lower fever whereas another can be administered to relieve pain.
Therapeutic Effect
This drug effect is usually expected and inevitable when a medication is given at a therapeutic dose. (For example, morphine sulfate given for pain relief usually results in constipation).
Side effect
These are undesired, inadvertent and unexpected dangerous effects of medication. These are usually identified according to the body system. (for example. the antibiotic gentamicin can cause a hearing impairment).
Adverse Effects
This drug effect pertains that medications can have specific risks and manifestations of toxicity For example. a client taking digoxin should be monitored closed for dysrhythmias and hypokalemia.
Toxic Effects
This type of drug relieves symptoms of a disease but does not affect the disease itself (eg. morphine sulfate and aspirin for pain)
Palliative
This type of drugs cures a disease or condition (eg. penicillin for infection).
Curative
This type of drug supports body functions until other treatments of the body response can take over (eg. norepinephrine bitartrate for low blood pressure and aspirin for high temperature).
Supportive
This type of drug replaces body fluids or substances (eg thyroxine for hypothyroidism and insulin for diabetes mellitus).
Substitutive
This type of medication destroys malignant cells (eg. busulfan for leukemia)
Chemotherapeutic
This type of medication returns the body to health (eg. vitamins and mineral supplements).
Restorative
This pertains to an Immunologic reaction to a drug.
Drug Allergy
When can drug allergy occur after administration?
May occur anytime from a few minutes to 2 weeks after administration
This pertains to severe allergic reaction that occurs immediately after administration of the drug. May be fatal if symptoms goes unnoticed and treated immediately
Anaphylactic Reaction
This exists in a client who exhibit an unusually low physiologic response to a drug and requires increases in the dosage to maintain a given therapeutic effect e.g. opioids, barbiturates.
Drug Tolerance
This transpires when the administration of one drug before, at the same time or after another drug alters the effects of one or both drugs.
Drug Interaction (can be synergistic or antagonistic)
This is a disease caused unintentionally by medical therapy
Iatrogenic disease
This pertains to the improper use of common medications that lead to acute or chronic toxicity
Misuse
This pertains to the inappropriate intake of substances, either continually or periodically
Abuse
This pertains to the reliance on or need to take a drug or substance, can either be Physiologic or Psychologic.
Dependence
This pertains to a mild form of psychologic dependence, developing a habit of taking substance and feeling better after.
Habituation
Under drug use, this pertains to street drugs which are sold illegally.
Illicit Drug
These are forms of drugs found to be safe and appropriate for use without direct supervision of the HCP. It can be purchased without a prescription
Over the counter drugs or medications (OTC)
What are some health teaching tips when buying over the counter drugs or medications?
(1) Read the instructions on the label
(2) Do not take for a longer time or higher doses than the label states
(3) Each person’s response may be different
(4) Avoid buying online
(5) Do not guess dosing for children
PRN stands for what?
pro re nata which is a Latin phrase meaning as much as need
This medication order in which the nurse has discretion regarding when to give the drug and in some case, how much to give. To implement this, the nurse must know the reason the drug is prescribed and be able to assess the patient’s medication needs.
PRN Medication
Ac stands for what?
ante cibum which is a Latin phrase that denotes before meals
Bid stands for what?
bis in die which is a Latin phrase that denotes twice a day
QD stands for what?
quaque die which is a Latin phrase that denotes every day
This is also known as compliance is defined as the extent to which a patient’s behavior coincides with medical advice.
Patient Adherence
The word pharmacokinetics is coined from where?
Derived from two Greek words, Pharmakon (drug or poison) and kinesis (motion)
This is the study of movement of drug throughout the body.
Pharmacokinetics
What are the four (4) processes in pharmacokinetics?
(1) Absorption
(2) Distribution
(3) Metabolism
(4) Excretion
This is the transmission of medications from
the location of administration to the bloodstream
Absorption
What are the principles of absorption?
(1) The rate of medication absorption determines how soon the drug will take effect
(2) Amount of medication absorbed determines its intensity
(3) Route of administration affects the rate and amount of absorption
What does the acronym safer pertains?
S – speak up
A - ask questions
F – find the facts
E – evaluate your choices
R – read labels
What is the angle of injection for intramuscular?
90 degrees
What is the angle of injection for subcutaneous ?
45 degrees
What is the angle of injection for intravenous?
25 degrees
What is the angle of injection for intradermal?
10 to 15 degrees
Which is generally preferred oral administration of parenteral administration?
Oral Administration
What are the situations wherein parenteral administration may be superior?
(1) Emergencies requiring rapid onset
(2) Plasma drug levels are strictly controlled
(3) Drugs that are destroyed by gastric juices, GI enzymes or hepatic enzymes
(4) Drugs that causes severe local irritation or injury
(5) Treatment for systemic disorder with drugs that cannot cross membranes
(6) Patients unable to take drugs orally
This route of administration pass from the intestinal lumen to the liver via the portal vein In this, the liver metabolize drugs to an inactive form and are excreted
Enteric route
This reduces the amount of active drug available to exert a pharmacologic effect
First Pass Effect
This refers to the percentage of administered drug available for activity.
Bioavailability
What is the bioavailability of oral drugs?
The bioavailability of oral drugs are affected by
absorption and first-pass effect while lV drugs are 100%,
This pertains to the transportation of medications to sites of action by bodily fluids
Distribution
Distribution may be affected by what:
(1) Travel to site of action
(2) Plasma protein binding and free drugs
(3) Blood brain barrier and other barriers
These are changes medications into less active/ inactive form by the action of enzymes
Metabolism (occurs primarily in the lungs, liver, kidneys, bowel and blood)
What are the factors that may affect metabolism?
(1) Age
(2) First Pass Effect
(3) Metabolic Pathway
(4) Nutritional Status
What are some outcomes of metabolism?
(1) Increased renal excretion
(2) Inactivation of medications
(3) Increased therapeutic effect
(4) Activation of prodrugs
(5) Decreased toxicity
This is compound that is metabolized into an
active pharmacologic substance
Prodrug
This is the time it takes for the amount of drug in the body to be reduced by half
Half Time
This pertains to the plateau drug level, amount of drug administered is equal to the amount being eliminated (optimal therapeutic effect), approx. 4 half lives
Steady State
This pertains to the approach of giving a large initial dose so therapeutic effect is achieved while a steady state is reached
Loading
This pertains to the dose needed to maintain drug concentration at a steady state, consistent dosing and interval
Maintenance
This pertains to the elimination of drugs from the body. Mainly through the kidneys but may also be through bile, lungs, saliva, sweat and breastmilk.
Excretion
This may lead to an increase in duration and intensity of medication response
Renal Dysfunction
As per excretion, what should you check for kidney function?
Bun and Creatinine
As per excretion, what should you check in the liver?
(1) Alanine Transaminase (ALT)
(2) Aspartate Transferase (AST)
This is the study of the effects of the drugs on the body. Drugs that act within the body to mimic the actions of the body’s own chemical messengers
Pharmacodynamics
Explain the dose-response relationship
Body’s physiologic response changes in drug concentration at the site of action
This refers to the amount of drug to elicit a specific response from a drug
Potency
Under dose-response relationship, this happens when increasing a drug dosage no longer increases the response
Maximal Efficiency
This describes the relationship between the therapeutic dose of the drug and the toxic dose of a drug
Therapeutic Index
This has a wide safety margin no need for routine serum drug level monitoring
High Therapeutic Index
This has a has a narrow safety margin serum drug levels should be monitored
Low Therapeutic Index
Under onset peak and duration, this pertains to the time it takes for the drug to reach MEC.
Onset
This pertains to the amount of drug required for drug effect.
Minimum effective concentration
Under onset peak and duration, this transpires when drug reaches its highest concentration in the blood
Peak
Under onset peak and duration, the length of time the drug exerts a therapeutic effect
Duration
This medication can mimic the receptor activity
regulated by endogenous compounds
Agonist
This medication can block normal receptor activity regulated by endogenous compounds.
Antagonist
This pertains to the limited affinity to receptor sites
Partial Antagonist
This pertains to drugs that can affect multiple receptor sites.
Nonspecific Drugs
These are drugs that can affect multiple receptor.
Nonselective Drugs
Mechanism of Action of drugs include:
- Stimulation
- Depression
- Irritation
- Replacement
- Cytotoxic action
- Antimicrobial
- Modification of immune status
This type of drug reaction pertains to the degree of detrimental effects caused by excessive drug dosing
Toxicity
This type of drug reaction pertains to the sensitization of the immune system
Allergic Reaction
This type of drug reaction pertains to the uncommon drug response due to genetic predisposition.
Idiosyncratic Effect
This type of drug reaction pertains to the opposite of the intended drug response.
Paradoxical Effect
This type of drug reaction pertains to the disease caused by drugs.
Iatrogenic Disease
This type of drug reaction pertains to the state in which the body has adapted to drug exposure, will cause abstinence syndrome if discontinued
Physical Dependence
This type of drug reactions pertains to cancer causing.
Carcinogenic Effect
This type of drug reactions pertains to drug induced birth defect,
Teratogenic Disease
These are types of toxicities.
Hepatotoxic/ Ototoxicity/ Nephrotoxicity
What are some factors affecting medication action?
(1) Developmental factors
(2) Gender
(3) Genetic and Cultural Factors
(4) Diet
(5) Environment
(6) Illness and Disease
(7) Time of Administration
The nurses are responsible for what:
(1) Having knowledge of international and local laws, and health care facility policies that govern the prescribing, dispensing and administration of medications
(2) Preparing, administering, and evaluating client responses to medications
(3) Developing and maintaining an up-to-date knowledge base of medications administered, including uses, mechanisms of action, routes of administration, safe dosage range, side effects, adverse responses, precautions, and contraindications
(4) Maintaining acceptable practice and skill competency
(5) Determining accuracy of medication prescriptions
(6) Reporting all medication errors
(7) Safeguarding and storing medications
These are medications that are given on a regular schedule with or without a termination date. Prescription will be in effect until the HCP discontinues the drug or the patient is discharged
Standard Precaution
This medication prescription pertains to one time prescription
Single Prescription
This medication prescription stipulates at what dosage, what frequency and condition a medication may be given
PRN
These medication prescription are given only once and given immediately
Stat Prescription
These medication prescription are written for specific circumstance, may or may not have a termination date and carried out until an order to cancel it is given
Standing prescription
What are the components of a prescription order?
(1) Client’s name
(2) Date and time of prescription
(3) Name of medication
(4) Dosage of medication
(5) Route of administration
(6) Time and Frequency of medication
(7) Signature of prescriber
