Module 05

Question 1

Exaggeration

Answer 1

To enlarge, increase, or represent something beyond normal bounds so that it becomes ridiculous and its faults can be seen.

Question 2

Incongruity

Answer 2

To present things that are out of place or are absurd in relation to their surroundings.

Question 3

Reversal

Answer 3

To present the opposite of the normal order (e.g., the order of events, the hierarchical order).

Question 4

Parody

Answer 4

To imitate and exaggerate the techniques of another writer, work, or genre for a comic effect.

Question 5

What is Horatian satire?

Answer 5

Gentle Satire

Horace—A poet known for his ability to “tell the truth with a smile”

Horatian is satire aimed at flaws in humans rather than societal issues. Its primary goal is often to entertain based on relatable topics rather than to educate on larger issues.

Question 6

What is Juvenal satire?

Answer 6

Bitter satire

Juvenal—A poet known for his satires, characterized by “bitter, ironical humor”

Juvenalian satire is often political satire used to expose flaws, injustices or other problems in a society or group of people. It’s often more serious in tone than Horatian satire.

Question 7

What are the two purposes of satire?

Answer 7

1. The purpose of the satire is usually reform.
2. The satirist does not want to destroy but to repair or improve humanity or human institutions.

Question 8

What is the role of symbolism in political cartoons or satire?

Answer 8

Use simple objects, and symbols, to stand for a larger concept or idea

Question 9

What is the role of exaggeration in political cartoons or satire?

Answer 9

Cartoonists overdo the physical characteristics of people or things in order to make a point

Question 10

What is the role of labeling in political cartoons or satire?

Answer 10

Lable objects or people to make it clear what they stand for

Question 11

What is the role of analogy in political cartoons or satire?

Answer 11

Comparison between two, unlike things that share some characteristics. Comparing complex issues with a more simple one, the cartoonist can help their readers see it in a different light

Question 12

What is the role of irony in political cartoons or satire?

Answer 12

Difference between the ways things are and the way they appear. Use irony to express their opinion

Question 13

What is verbal irony?

Answer 13

Sarcasm is used to ridicule, harm, or convey contempt. When differentiating between verbal irony and sarcasm, you must consider the subtlety of wording and make inferences about the writer’s or speaker’s intent

Question 14

What is situational irony?

Answer 14

Coincidence is a concurrence of events that do not have an apparent connection. What sets situational irony apart from coincidence is that situational irony includes outcomes that are contrary to what is expected, but strangely related or connected.

If you think you have encountered an example of situational irony, ask yourself the following questions:

1. Are the events simply unrelated without a surprising outcome? If the answer is “yes,” then you have a coincidence.
2. Is the relationship between the events and the outcome unexpected or simply unfortunate? If it’s simply “unfortunate,” then you have a coincidence that is a bummer.

Question 15

What are the themes of multiple chioce questions?

Answer 15

1. Rhetorical Situation: Purpose, audience, context, message, and exigence
2. Claims and Evidence: Claims, evidence, thesis, counterarguments, and alternative perspectives
3. Reasoning and Organization: Line of reasoning or how claims and evidence are arranged to lead the audience to a conclusion.
   Thesis, method of development, use of evidence and commentary, structure, and coherence
4. Style: Stylistic choices that contribute to the purpose of the argument. Strategies such as word choice, comparisons, syntax, tone, use of clauses to show relationships, and grammar

Question 16

What is rhetorical situation?

Answer 16

Purpose, audience, context, message, and exigence

Question 17

What is “evidence and claims?”

Answer 17

Claims, evidence, thesis, counterarguments, and alternative perspectives

Question 18

What is “reasoning and organization?”

Answer 18

Line of reasoning or how claims and evidence are arranged to lead the audience to a conclusion.

Thesis, method of development, use of evidence and commentary, structure, and coherence

Question 19

What is “style?”

Answer 19

Stylistic choices that contribute to the purpose of the argument. Strategies such as word choice, comparisons, syntax, tone, use of clauses to show relationships, and grammar

Question 20

What is chiasmus?

Answer 20

🔬 Chiasmus is a technique that uses two clauses that are parallel but contain a reversal of similar words.

Easy Example

• “Never let a fool kiss you—or a kiss fool you.”

Effect

• The reversal of the words “fool” and “kiss” draws attention to the two words, causing listeners to think about the meaning. Both clauses communicate caution, and the reversal of words cleverly makes the point—don’t let a fool kiss you, and don’t be a fool when kissed.

Professional Examples

• “In the end, the true test is not the speeches a president delivers; it’s whether the president delivers on the speeches.”—Hillary Clinton, March 2008
• “Let us never negotiate out of fear, but let us never fear to negotiate.” —President John F. Kennedy

Effect

• Chiasmus is used to create emphasis on the words and ideas a writer wants to communicate. For example, in Clinton’s example, the reversal of the word “delivers” emphasizes the desirable quality of a president—he or she delivers or acts rather than simply talks. In the Kennedy example, the words “fear” and “negotiate” are emphasized, allowing listeners to hear them in two different contexts. This use of chiasmus illuminates how fear and negotiation can work for or against a nation.

Question 21

What is anaphora?

Answer 21

🔬 Anaphora is a technique that repeats a word or words at the beginning of successive clauses, phrases, or sentences. The repetition adds rhythm, contributes to the pace, and creates emphasis.

Easy Example

• I told you to clean your room. I told you to put away your dishes. I told you to take out the garbage.

Effect

• The repetition of “I told you” creates rhythm and reinforces the irritation of the speaker.

Professional Examples

• “It rained on his lousy tombstone, and it rained on the grass on his stomach. It rained all over the place.”—J.D. Salinger, The Catcher in the Rye
• “With this faith, we will be able to hew out of the mountain of despair a stone of hope. With this faith, we will be able to transform the jangling discords of our nation into a beautiful symphony of brotherhood. With this faith, we will be able to work together, to pray together, to struggle together, to go to jail together, to stand up for freedom together, knowing that we will be free one day.”—Martin Luther King, Jr. “I Have a Dream”

Effect

• The repetition of “It rained…” in the first example contributes to the dreary mood and detached tone. In the second example, King’s repetition of “With this faith,” creates a hopeful tone and builds the tension of the passage, making listeners long for the outcomes he describes.