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NUTR 120 > Module 04 > Flashcards

Module 04 Flashcards

1
Q

What happens if we have too little of a nutrient?

A

Nutrient deficiency

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2
Q

What happens if we have too much of a nutrient?

A

Nutrient toxicity

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3
Q

What are the fat soluble vitamins?

A

A, D, E, and K

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4
Q

What are the water soluble vitamins?

A

B1 (thiamin), B2 (riboflavin), B3 (niacin), pantothenic acid, B6 (Pyridoxine), folate, B12 (cobalamin), biotin, and vitamin C

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5
Q

Which coenzymes is thiamine part of?

A

Thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) and thiamine diphosphate (TDP)

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6
Q

What important reaction is thiamine involved in?

A

Conversion of pyruvate into acetyl-CoA using pyruvate dehydrogenase

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7
Q

What is the RDA for thiamine?

A

1.1mg/day for women and 1.2mg/day for men

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8
Q

What are some food sources of thiamine?

A

Meat and grain products

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9
Q

What are all Canadian white flours fortified with?

A

Thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, folate, and iron

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10
Q

What are symptoms of thiamin deficiency?

A

Muscle weakness, neurological impacts, and psychological effects

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11
Q

Which coenzymes is riboflavin a part of?

A

Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) and flavin mononucleotide (FMN)

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12
Q

What is the RDA value of riboflavin?

A

1.1mg/day for women and 1.3mg/day for men

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13
Q

What are good food sources of riboflavin?

A

Milk, grains, and meat products

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14
Q

What coenzymes does niacin work with?

A

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP)

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15
Q

What are the RDA values for niacin?

A

14mg/day for women and 16mg/day for men

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16
Q

What food sources is niacin found in?

A

Grains and protein rich foods

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17
Q

What syndrome is associated with niacin deficiency?

A

Pellagra

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18
Q

What are the symptoms of pellagra?

A

Weakness, dermatitis, diarrhea, and dementia

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19
Q

What coenzyme is vitamin B6 part of?

A

Pyridoxal phosphate (PLP)

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20
Q

What is the RDA value of vitamin B6?

A

1.3mg/day

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21
Q

What is a good food source of B6?

A

Meat and protein rich foods

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22
Q

What can be caused by vitamin B6 deficiency?

A

Microcytic hypochromic anemia

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23
Q

What does vitamin B12 do?

A

Works as a coenzyme in reactions that transfer methyl groups from one biomolecule to another

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24
Q

What is required for vitamin B12 to be absorbed?

A

Intrinsic factor

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25
Q

What are good food sources of vitamin B12?

A

Animal products

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26
Q

What is the RDA for B12?

A

2.4microg/day

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27
Q

Where can vegans get vitamin B12 from?

A

B12 enriched soy products, B12 supplements, and nutritional yeast

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28
Q

What can occur with vitamin B12 deficiency?

A

Break down of myelin and megaloblastic anemia

29
Q

What is the RDA value for folate?

A

400microg/day

30
Q

Where is folic acid found?

A

Oranges, leafy greens, legumes, and grains

31
Q

How are B12 and folate connected?

A

Methyl folate is inactive and activated by B12 removing the methyl group

32
Q

What is the concern with women in child-bearing years not getting enough folate?

A

Spina bifida and failure for neural tube in the spine to close completely

33
Q

What is the function of ascorbic acid?

A

It acts as a reducing agent and anti-oxidant

34
Q

What is the RDA value for vitamin C?

A

75mg/day for women and 90mg/day for men

35
Q

What are good food sources of vitamin C?

A

Citrus fruits, bell peppers, and other fruits

36
Q

What is vitamin C involved in?

A

Building strong collagen, reducing the formation of carcinogens, synthesis of steroid hormones, drug metabolism, and absorption of minerals

37
Q

What is caused by vitamin C deficiency?

A

Scurvy

38
Q

What requires the human body to need more vitamin C?

A

Stress, oral contraceptives, and smoking

39
Q

What are carotenoids?

A

Plant based pre-vitamin A

40
Q

What are retinoids?

A

Animal based vitamin A

41
Q

What is the RDA for vitamin A?

A

700microg/day for women and 900microg/day for men

42
Q

What is the conversion for 1microg REA to international units?

A

3.33 IU

43
Q

What foods are good sources?

A

Orange and green vegetables

44
Q

Where is retinol stored?

A

In the liver as retinyl esters

45
Q

Where is beta carotene stored?

A

Adipose tissue

46
Q

How is vitamin A transported?

A

Retinol binding protein

47
Q

What is rhodopsin made of?

A

Cis-retinal and opsin

48
Q

What is xerophthalmia?

A

A condition caused by vitamin A deficiency which impacts corneal epithelium

49
Q

What is vitamin A necessary for?

A

Vision, growth, and reproduction

50
Q

Who is at highest risk of vitamin A toxicity?

A

Infants, people overusing multivitamins, and long term users of Accutane who are pregnant

51
Q

What are symptoms of vitamin A toxicity?

A

Reddening of the skin, hair loss, hypertrophic liver, and pain in the long bones

52
Q

What are good food sources of vitamin D?

A

Eggs, salmon, and milk

53
Q

What modification is made to vitamin D in the liver?

A

An -OH group is added to form 25-hydroxyD3

54
Q

What modification is made to 25-hydroxyD3 in the kidney?

A

An -OH group is added to form 1,25-dihydroxyD3

55
Q

What is the RDA value for vitamin D?

A

15microg/day

56
Q

What are the functions of vitamin D?

A

Maintain blood calcium levels by stimulating absorption, draw calcium from bones, and reducing loss of calcium

57
Q

What is vitamin D deficiency called?

A

Rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults

58
Q

What puts people at risk of vitamin D deficiency?

A

Dietary lack, lack of exposure to the sun, darker skin colour, malabsorption of fats, older adults with reduced organ function, infants who are breastfed, children aged 1-3, adolescents, and people with elevated BMI

59
Q

What is the UL of vitamin D?

A

100microg/day

60
Q

What is the RDA of vitamin E?

A

15mg/day

61
Q

What are good food sources of vitamin E?

A

Oils, nuts, and seeds

62
Q

What is the function of vitamin E?

A

Acts as an antioxidant to neutralize free radicals

63
Q

What does deficiency of vitamin E cause?

A

Damage to cell membranes from free radicals

64
Q

What is the UL for vitamin E?

A

1000mg/day

65
Q

What are good sources of vitamin K1?

A

Green leafy vegetables and plant oils

66
Q

What are good sources of vitamin K2?

A

Eggs, meat, and cheese

67
Q

What is the AI value for vitamin K?

A

90microg/day for women and 120microg/day for men

68
Q

What are the functions of vitamin K?

A

Blood clotting, bone metabolism, kidney function, and calcium absorption from the GI tract

NUTR 120 (4 decks)

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