Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIOL 228 > Module 01 - Introduction to Microbial Cells > Flashcards

Module 01 - Introduction to Microbial Cells Flashcards

1
Q

Define “spontaneous generation”

A

life can arise from nonliving matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How did Francesco Redi test spontaneous generation?

A
  • performed an experiment on the notion of spontaneous generation
  • refute the idea of spontaneous generation that maggots can spontaneously generate from meat left in open air
  • 6 containers - 2 open to air, 2 covered with gauze, and 2 completely closed
  • maggots formed only to the jar that was left completely open, this was because of the presence of flies on the meat, causing maggots to form
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How did John Needham test spontaneous generation?

A
  • boiled broth of animal and plant matter to kill preexsiting microbes
  • broth became cloudy (sealed jars)
  • microbes were still in the broth
  • argued that the microbes had arised spontaneously
  • reality: he didnt boil the broth enough to kill the microbes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How did Lazzaro Spallanzani test spontaneous generation?

A
  • didn’t agree with Needhams results
  • performed same experiment as Needham but with many different jars
  • used sealed and unsealed jars
  • heated but sealed flasks clear with no sign of spontaneous generation, unless the jars were left open
  • microbes were introduced to the jars from the air
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Microbe

A

a microorganism, especially a bacterium causing disease or fermentation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Louis Pasteur - spontaneous generation

A
  • flasks were able to exchange air from outside
  • bends and twists in the flask wouldn’t allow for air to come in, unless broken
  • airborne microorganisms allow microbes to grow in the broth
  • “life is a germ and germ is life”
  • boiling the broth kills the microorganisms
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Cell Theory

A

is a scientific theory first formulated in the mid-nineteenth century, that living organisms are made up of cells, that they are the basic structural/organizational unit of all organisms, and that all cells come from pre-existing cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Two basic tenets of cell theory

A
  • all cells only come from other cells (principle of biogensis)
  • cells are a fundamental units of organisms
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Endosymbiotic Theory

A

is the leading evolutionary theory of the origin of eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic organisms (symbiogenesis)
- defined as the theory that mitochondria and chloroplasts arose as a result of prokaryotic cells establishing a symbiotic relationship within a eukaryotic host

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Germ theory of disease

A

diseased may result from microbial infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Distinguish characteristics of prokaryotic cells

A
  • smaller than eukaryotic cells
  • have no nucleus
  • lack organelles
  • singular, circular chromosome in the nucleiod
  • classified as Archaea and Bacteria
  • lack membrane bound organelles, inclusions to compartmentalize for cytoplasm
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Organelles in prokaryotic cells

A

plasma membrane, cell wall, capsule, cytoplasm, ribosome, nucleiod, inclusion, plasmid, pilus, and flagellum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Cell Wall

A

envelopes the cell membrane protecting the cell from osmotic pressure
protects cell from harsh conditions in outside environment, main component of cell wall - peptidoglycan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

isotonic membrane

A

solute concentration inside and outside of cell are equal, not net movement of water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

hypertonic medium

A

solute concentration outside cell is more than inside, water diffuses out of cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

hypotonic medium

A

solute concentration inside cell is higher than outside, water moves by osmosis into cell (cell can swell and burst)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Crenation

A

cell can become dehydrated in hypertonic environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

plasmolysis

A

(cell with cell wall) plasma membrane contracts and detaches from cell wall for shape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Nucleoid

A

prokaryotic DNA and DNA proteins, DNA interacts with nucleiod - associated proteins (NAPs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

plasmids

A

extrachromosomal DNA found, plasmids found in bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

ribosomes

A

constructed of proteins and rRNA, found in cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

inclusion

A

store excess nutrients in cytoplasmic structures (ex. glycogen, starches and polyhydroxybutyhate)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

endospores

A

bacteria cells are observed as vegetative cells, bacteria can form endospores
a dormant, tough, and non-reproductive structure produced by certain bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

plasma membrane

A

eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells have a plasma membrane
he membrane found in all cells that separates the interior of the cell from the outside environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

flagella

A

structures to move in aqueous environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

eukaryotic cells

A

are organisms whose cells have a nucleus enclosed within a nuclear envelope. They belong to the group of organisms Eukaryota or Eukarya

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

nucleus

A

complex nuclear membrane that houses the DNA genome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

nucleolous

A

region in the nucleus where RNA occurs, assembly of ribosomes occur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

ribosomes

A

eurkaryotes are 80S ribosomes (40S small subunit and 60S large subunit)
- ribosomes are defined by location: free ribosomes and membrane bound ribosomes
- free ribosomes in cytoplasm
- membrane bound ribosomes attached to rough ER

30
Q

endomembrane system

A

unique to eukaryotes, several organelles and connections between them (ER, golgi, lysosomes, vesicles)

31
Q

endoplasmic reticulum

A

rough ER is studded with ribosomes bound on cytoplasmic side of membrane, smooth ER has no ribosomes (appears smooth)

32
Q

golgi apparatus

A

series of membranous disks, single lipid bilayer that are stacked together

33
Q

lysosomes

A

membrane-bound organelles, used to breakdown food, damaged organelles or cellular debirs

34
Q

peroxisomes

A

independent from cytoplasm from perchin proteins

35
Q

cytoskeleton

A

internal cytoskeleton made of microfilaments, intermediate filaments and microtubules

36
Q

centrosomes

A

(mitotic spindles) microtubule-organizing centres, at end of cells

37
Q

centrioles

A

(pairs) right angles of each other, each centriole of nine parrallel microtubules arranged in triplets

38
Q

mitochondria

A

powerhouse of the cell - gives energy to cell

39
Q

mitochondrial matrix

A

location of original bacteriums cytoplasm, and current location of metabolic enzymes, contains mitochondrial DNA and 70S ribosomes

40
Q

chloroplasts

A

photosynthesis occurs, three systems: outer membrane, inner membrane and thylakoid membrane system

41
Q

stroma

A

(gel like fluid that makes up the volume)

42
Q

endocytosis

A

plasma membrane invagination and vacuole vesciles formation

43
Q

phagocytosis

A

engulfing of large particles I”cell eating”)

44
Q

pinocytosis

A

other type of endocytosis (“cell drinking”)

45
Q

receptor-mediated endocystosis

A

type of endocytosis ligards bind to surface receptors on membrane

46
Q

extracellular matrix

A

eukaryotic cells that dont have cell walls have the matrix, A large network of proteins and other molecules that surround, support, and give structure to cells and tissues in the body. The extracellular matrix helps cells attach to, and communicate with, nearby cells, and plays an important role in cell growth, cell movement, and other cell functions.

47
Q

flagella in eukaryotes

A

locomoiton, very distinct compared to prokayotes

48
Q

cilia

A

unique to eukaryotes, covers entire surface of cell

49
Q

Similarities of Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes

A

cell membrane, cytoplasm, genetic material for DNA and ribosomes

50
Q

Differences between Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes

A

eukaryotes have membrane-bound nucleus, prokaryotes dont

51
Q

Unique examples of prokaryotes in various habitats on earth

A

found in hot springs, antarctic ice shield under extreme conditions

52
Q

Community

A

group of interacting population of organisms

53
Q

cooperative interactions

A

(part of population) benefit populations

54
Q

competitive interactions

A

a population competes with another for resources

55
Q

microbial ecology

A

study of interactions between microbial populations and environments

56
Q

symbiosis

A

interaction between different species that are associated with each other in a community

57
Q

mutualism

A

(syntropy, crossfeeding) two species benefit from each other

58
Q

Amensalism

A

one population that harms another but is unaffected
- substances that kills other species of bacteria

59
Q

commensalism

A

one organism benefits while the other is unaffected
- ex. bacteria can live on our skin, but we remain unaffected/dont react

60
Q

neutralism

A

neither symbiotic organism is affected
- ex. active bacteria and endospores

61
Q

parasitism

A

one organism benefits while harming another

62
Q

microbiomes

A

all prokaryotic and eukaryotic microorganisms and genetic material associated to an organism or environment

63
Q

resident microbiota

A

microorganisms that live in/on our bodies

64
Q

transient microbiota

A

microorganisms that are temporarily found in human body (pathogenic microorganisms)

65
Q

how are prokaryotes classified by microbiologists?

A

based on shape, staining patterns, biochemical or physiological differences
- nucleotide sequences in genes
- staining patterns are based on cell walls

66
Q

algae

A

autotrophic prostists that can be unicellular/mutlicellular, algae are sources of agar, agarose and carrageenan, algae uses toxins

67
Q

lichen

A

combinations of two organisms , a green alga, or cyanobacterium and fungus, living in a symbiotic relationship

68
Q

epiphytes

A

lichen can be found on most surfaces or grow on other plants

69
Q

cortex

A

body called a thallus, an outer, tightly packed fungal layer

70
Q

medulla

A

inner, loosely packed fungal layer

71
Q

mizines

A

hyphal bundles

72
Q

why are viruses acellular?

A

because they are not considered alive

BIOL 228 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions