MODULE 01 Flashcards
The Study of the structure and relationship between body parts.
ANATOMY
The study of the function of body parts and the body as a whole.
PHYSIOLOGY
The functional changes associated with or resulting from disease or injury.
PATHO-PHYSIOLOGY
LEVEL OF ORGANIZATION OF HUMAN BODY
(small to largest)
ATOM
MOLECULE
CELL
TISSUE
ORGAN
ORGAN SYSTEM
ORGANISM
MAJOR ORGAN SYSTEMS OF THE HUMAN BODY:
FUNCTION
- Transports oxygen, nutrients, and other substances to the cells and transports wastes, carbon dioxide, and other substances away from the cells; it can also help stabilize body temperature and pH
CARDIOVASCULAR
MAJOR ORGAN SYSTEMS OF THE HUMAN BODY:
FUNCTION
- Defends against infection and disease and transfers lymph between tissues and the blood stream
LYMPHATIC
MAJOR ORGAN SYSTEMS OF THE HUMAN BODY:
FUNCTION
- Processes foods and absorbs nutrients, minerals, vitamins, and water
DIGESTIVE
MAJOR ORGAN SYSTEMS OF THE HUMAN BODY:
FUNCTION
- Provides communication within the body via hormones and directs long-term change in other organ systems to maintain homeostasis.
ENDOCRINE
MAJOR ORGAN SYSTEMS OF THE HUMAN BODY:
FUNCTION
- Provides protection from injury and fluid loss and provides physical defense against infection by microorganisms; involved in temperature control.
INTEGUMENTARY
MAJOR ORGAN SYSTEMS OF THE HUMAN BODY:
FUNCTION
- Provides movement, support, and heat production
MUSCULAR
MAJOR ORGAN SYSTEMS OF THE HUMAN BODY:
FUNCTION
- Collects, transfers, and processes information and directs short-term change in other organ systems.
NERVOUS
MAJOR ORGAN SYSTEMS OF THE HUMAN BODY:
FUNCTION
- Produces gametes—sex cells—and sex hormones; ultimately produces offspring.
REPRODUCTIVE
MAJOR ORGAN SYSTEMS OF THE HUMAN BODY:
FUNCTION
- Delivers air to sites where gas exchange can occur.
RESPIRATORY
MAJOR ORGAN SYSTEMS OF THE HUMAN BODY:
FUNCTION
- Supports and protects soft tissues of the body; provides movement at joints; produces blood cells; and stores minerals.
SKELETAL
MAJOR ORGAN SYSTEMS OF THE HUMAN BODY:
FUNCTION
- Removes excess water, salts, and products from the blood and body and controls pH.
URINARY
MAJOR ORGAN SYSTEMS OF THE HUMAN BODY:
FUNCTION
- Defends against microbial pathogens—disease-causing agents—and other diseases.
IMMUNE
MAJOR ORGAN SYSTEMS OF THE HUMAN BODY:
ORGANS, TISSUES, AND STRUCTURES INVOLVED
- Heart, Blood, and Blood vessels
CARDIOVASCULAR
MAJOR ORGAN SYSTEMS OF THE HUMAN BODY:
ORGANS, TISSUES, AND STRUCTURES INVOLVED
- Lymph, Lymph nodes, and Lymph vessels
LYMPHATIC
MAJOR ORGAN SYSTEMS OF THE HUMAN BODY:
ORGANS, TISSUES, AND STRUCTURES INVOLVED
- Mouth, Salivary glands, Esophagus, Stomach, Liver, Gallbladder, Exocrine pancreas, Small intestine, and Large intestine
DIGESTIVE
MAJOR ORGAN SYSTEMS OF THE HUMAN BODY:
ORGANS, TISSUES, AND STRUCTURES INVOLVED
- Pituitary, Pineal, Thyroid, Parathyroids, Endocrine pancreas, Adrenals, Testes, and Ovaries
ENDOCRINE
MAJOR ORGAN SYSTEMS OF THE HUMAN BODY:
ORGANS, TISSUES, AND STRUCTURES INVOLVED
- Skin, Hair, and Nails
INTEGUMENTARY
MAJOR ORGAN SYSTEMS OF THE HUMAN BODY:
ORGANS, TISSUES, AND STRUCTURES INVOLVED
- Skeletal, Cardiac, and Smooth muscles
MASCULAR
MAJOR ORGAN SYSTEMS OF THE HUMAN BODY:
ORGANS, TISSUES, AND STRUCTURES INVOLVED
- Brain, Spinal corn, Nerves, and Sensory organs (eyes, ears, tongue, skin, and nose)
NERVOUS
MAJOR ORGAN SYSTEMS OF THE HUMAN BODY:
ORGANS, TISSUES, AND STRUCTURES INVOLVED
- Fallopian tube, Uterus, Vagina, Ovaries, Mammary glands (female), Testes, Vascular deferens, Seminal vesicles, Prostate, and Penis (male)
REPRODUCTIVE
MAJOR ORGAN SYSTEMS OF THE HUMAN BODY:
ORGANS, TISSUES, AND STRUCTURES INVOLVED
- Mouth, Nose, Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi, Lungs, and Diahragm
RESPIRATORY
MAJOR ORGAN SYSTEMS OF THE HUMAN BODY:
ORGANS, TISSUES, AND STRUCTURES INVOLVED
- Bones, Cartilage, Joints, Tendons, and Ligaments
SKELETAL
MAJOR ORGAN SYSTEMS OF THE HUMAN BODY:
ORGANS, TISSUES, AND STRUCTURES INVOLVED
- Kidneys, Uterus, Urinary bladder, and Urethra
URINARY
MAJOR ORGAN SYSTEMS OF THE HUMAN BODY:
ORGANS, TISSUES, AND STRUCTURES INVOLVED
- Leukocytes, Tonsils, Adenoids, Thymus, and Spleen
IMMUNE
SELECTED BRANCHES OF ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
EMBRYOLOGY
DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY
HISTOLOGY
SURFACE ANATOMY
GROSS ANATOMY
SYSTEMATIC ANATOMY
REGIONAL ANATOMY
RADIOGRAPHIC ANATOMY
PATHOLOGICAL ANATOMY
NEUROPHYSIOLOGY
ENDOCRINOLOGY
CARDIOVASCULAR PHYSIOLOGY
IMMUNOLOGY
RESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGY
RENAL PHYSIOLOGY
EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
SELECTED BRANCHES OF ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
- Structures that emerge from the time of the fertilized egg through the eight week in utero.
EMBRYOLOGY
SELECTED BRANCHES OF ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
- Structures that emerge from the time of the fertilized egg to the adult form.
DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY
SELECTED BRANCHES OF ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
- Microscopic structure of tissues.
HISTOLOGY
SELECTED BRANCHES OF ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
- Anatomical landmarks on the surface of the body through visualization and palpitation.
SURFACE ANATOMY
SELECTED BRANCHES OF ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
- Structures that can be examined without using a microscope.
GROSS ANATOMY
SELECTED BRANCHES OF ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
- Structure of specific systems of the body such as the nervous or respiratory systems.
SYSTEMIC ANATOMY
SELECTED BRANCHES OF ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
- Specific regions of the body such as the head or chest.
REGIONAL ANATOMY
SELECTED BRANCHES OF ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
- Body structures that can be visualized with x-rays.
RADIOGRAPHIC ANATOMY
SELECTED BRANCHES OF ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
- Structural changes (from gross to microscopic) associated with disease.
PATHOLOGICAL ANATOMY
SELECTED BRANCHES OF ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
- Functional properties of nerve cells.
NEUROPHYSIOLOGY
SELECTED BRANCHES OF ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
- Hormones (chemical regulators in the blood) and how they control body functions.
ENDOCRINOLOGY
SELECTED BRANCHES OF ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
- Functions of the heart and blood vessels.
CARDIOVASCULAR PHYSIOLOGY
SELECTED BRANCHES OF ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
- How the body defends itself against disease-causing agents.
IMMUNOLOGY
SELECTED BRANCHES OF ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
- Functions of the air passageways and lungs.
RESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGY
SELECTED BRANCHES OF ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
- Functions of the kidneys.
RENAL PHYSIOLOGY
SELECTED BRANCHES OF ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
- Changes in cell and organ functions as a result of muscular activity.
EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY
SELECTED BRANCHES OF ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
- Functional changes associated with disease and aging.
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Growth and development
Respond to the environment
Cellular structure & composition
Metabolism energy from chemical reactions
Homeostasis stable inner conditions
Heredity of traits
Reproduce offspring
CHARACTERISTIC OF LIFE
A characteristic of all living systems is ______________, or the maintenance of stable, internal conditions within specific limits.
HOMEOSTASIS
STIMULUS — Sensor — Control — Effector
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK LOOP
Type of regulation in biological systems in which the end product of a process in turn reduces the stimulus of that same process.
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISM
A feedback mechanism resulting in the amplification or growth of the output signal.
POSITIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISM
TYPES OF BUILD
ECTOMORPH
MESOMORPH
ENDOMORPH
TYPES OF BUILD
- A form of opposite of the Endomorph. Physically, they tend to have: Narrow shoulders and hips, A thin and narrow face with a high forehead, A thin and narrow chest and abdomen, Very little body fat, and Thin legs and arms.
ECTOMORPH
TYPES OF BUILD
- Somewhere between the round endomorph and the thin ectomorph. Physically they have the more ‘desirable’ body and have: Large head, Broad shoulders, and Narrow waist (wedge-shaped); Muscular body, with strong forearms and thighs; Very little body fat, Genetically gifted; greatest body building potential; Long torso, full chest, good shoulder to waist ratio.
MESOMORPH
TYPES OF BUILD
- Physically quite round, and is typified as the ‘barrel of fun’ person. They tend to have: Wide hips and narrow shoulders, which makes them rather pear-shaped; Quite a lot of fat spread across the body, including upper arms and thighs; They have quite slim ankles and wrists, which only serves to accentuate the fatty other parts; Wide bone structure; Slower metabolism; Weight gain is easy, though fat loss is difficult; Tends to store fat, which hides muscle gains.
ENDOMORPH
BASIC MECHANISM OF DISEASE
- It refer to organism capable of causing disease in its host.
PATHOGENIC ORGANISMS
BASIC MECHANISM OF DISEASE
- The result of a continuous process based in degenerative cell changes, affecting tissues or organs, which will increasingly deteriorate over time. Sometime the main or partial cause behind such disease is genetic.
DEGENERATIVE
BASIC MECHANISM OF DISEASE
- A new, often uncontrolled growth of abnormal tissue; tumor.
NEOPLASM
BASIC MECHANISM OF DISEASE
- A disorder can happen when abnormal chemical reactions in the. body alter the normal metabolic process. It can also be defined as inherited single gene anomaly, most of which are autosomal recessive.
METABOLIC DISEASE
BASIC MECHANISM OF DISEASE
- It is caused by ingestion of a poison.
Ex. Inhalation of carbon monoxide from automobile exhaust in an enclosed garage may cause tissue hypoxia.
TOXIC DISEASE
BASIC MECHANISM OF DISEASE
- It originate in the mind, having an emotional or psychologic origin in relation to a symptoms.
PSYCHOGENIC DISEASE
BASIC MECHANISM OF DISEASE
- It is caused by physical injury.
TRAUMATIC DISEASE
BASIC MECHANISM OF DISEASE
- It result when an individual’s diet is inadequate in terms of the amount or type of proteins, essential amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins, minerals or water.
NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCY
BASIC MECHANISM OF DISEASE
- Result from the activity or treatments of physicians or other health-care providers.
IATROGENIC DISEASE
BASIC MECHANISM OF DISEASE
- Refer to disorders whose causes are yet unknown.
IDIOPATHIC DISEASE
BASIC MECHANISM OF DISEASE
- Present at birth
CONGENITAL DISEASE
BASIC MECHANISM OF DISEASE
- Results from excessive or inadequate levels of hormones production.
ENDOCRINE DISEASE
CLINICAL APPLICATION
- Examination with the hands, feeling for organs, masses or infiltration of a part of the body, feeling the heart or pulse beat or vibrations in the chest.
PALPATIONS
CLINICAL APPLICATION
- Listening ti the internal sounds of the body, usually using a stethoscope.
AUSCULTATIONS
CLINICAL APPLICATION
- The act or technique of tapping the surface of a body part to learn the condition of the parts beneath by the resulting sound.
PERCUSSION
CLINICAL APPLICATION
- Incorporates an assessment pf the function and interplay of both sensory and motor pathways. It is simple yet informative and can give important insights into the integrity of the nervous system at many different levels.
REFLEX TESTING
SELECTED DISEASE TERMINOLOGIES
- Study of the essential nature of diseases and especially of the structural and functional changes produced by them.
PATHOLOGY
SELECTED DISEASE TERMINOLOGIES
- Medical specialty that is concerned with the diagnosis of disease based on the laboratory analysis of bodily fluids such as blood and urine, as well as tissues, using the tools of chemistry, clinical microbiology, hematology and molecular pathology.
ANATOMIC PATHOLOGY
SELECTED DISEASE TERMINOLOGIES
- Cause of a disease or the science that deals with such causes.
ETIOLOGY
SELECTED DISEASE TERMINOLOGIES
- Abnormal condition of an organism which interrupts the normal bodily functions that often leads to feeling of pain and weakness, and usually associated with symptoms and signs.
DISEASE
SELECTED DISEASE TERMINOLOGIES
- The sequence of events that leads from cause, to structural and functional abnormalities and finally to manifestation of disease.
PATHOGENESIS
SELECTED DISEASE TERMINOLOGIES
- Any objective evidence of disease.
SIGN
SELECTED DISEASE TERMINOLOGIES
- A subjective evidence of disease
SYMPTOMS
SELECTED DISEASE TERMINOLOGIES
- An aftereffect of a disease, condition, or injury.
SEQUELA
SELECTED DISEASE TERMINOLOGIES
- It connotes an illness that is of shirt duration, rapidly progressive, and in need of urgent care.
ACUTE DISEASE
SELECTED DISEASE TERMINOLOGIES
- It is one that lasts 3 months or more.
CHRONIC DISEASE
SELECTED DISEASE TERMINOLOGIES
- A branch of medical science that deals with the incidence, distribution, and control of disease in a population.
EPIDEMIOLOGY
SELECTED DISEASE TERMINOLOGIES
- Native to or limited to a certain region.
ENDEMIC
SELECTED DISEASE TERMINOLOGIES
- The occurrence if more cases of a disease than would being a community or region during a given time period. (ex. a sudden severe outbreak of a disease such as SARS)
EPIDEMIC
SELECTED DISEASE TERMINOLOGIES
- A disease which occurs in single and scattered cases.
SPORADIC
SELECTED DISEASE TERMINOLOGIES
- An outbreak of a disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects an exceptionally high proportion of the population.
PANDEMIC
SELECTED DISEASE TERMINOLOGIES
- The gradual recovery of health and strength after illness or injury.
CONVALESCENCE
SELECTED DISEASE TERMINOLOGIES
- A prediction of the course of a disease following its onset. It refers to the possible outcomes of a disease and the frequency with which they can be expected to occur.
PROGNOSIS
SELECTED DISEASE TERMINOLOGIES
- Refers to having a disease or a symptom of disease, or to the amount of disease within a population. It also refers to medical problems caused by a treatment.
MORBIDITY
SELECTED DISEASE TERMINOLOGIES
- The number of deaths on a given area, or from a particular cause.
MORTALITY
SELECTED DISEASE TERMINOLOGIES
- A postmortem examination to discover the cause of death or the extent of disease.
AUTOPSY
