Module 01 -

Question 1

miasma theory

Answer 1

Diseases are produced due to unhealthy or polluted vapors rising from the ground, or from decomposed material.

Question 2

John Snow (1813 - 1858)

Answer 2

• Careful mapping of cholera cases in East London during the cholera epidemic of 1854
• Traced and linked the source to the cholera epidemic to a single well on Broad Street that had been contaminated by sewage
• Considered the father of epidemiology.

Question 3

Max Joseph von Pettenkofer (1818 - 1901)

Question 4

The Grand Experiment

Question 5

Louis Pasteur (1822 - 1895)

Question 6

Robert Koch (1843 - 1910)

Question 7

Koch’s postulates

Answer 7

Four postulates that together definitely establish a cause and effect for a communicable disease:

1. the organism must be shown to be present in every case of the disease;
2. the organism must not be found in cases of other diseases;
3. once isolated, the organism must be capable of replicating the disease in an experimental animal;
4. and the organism must be recoverable from the animal.

Question 8

vibrio cholerae

Answer 8

Question 9

night soil

Answer 9

Human excrement was collected at night from buckets, cesspools, and outhouses and sometimes used as manure.

Question 10

Edwin Chadwick (1800 - 1890)

Question 11

sanitary maps

Question 12

quarantine versus isolation

Answer 12

Quarantine when you might have been exposed to the virus when isolation is when you have been infected with the virus, even if you don’t have symptoms.

Question 13

Florence Nightingale (1820 - 1910)

Answer 13

• identified unsanitary conditions during the Crimean War that lead to a high occurrence of disease and non-battle injuries.
• systemized record keeping (was able to demonstrate the effectiveness of her implementation of sanitary practices)
• As a result, more soldiers were able to fight in the front lines

Question 14

William O’Shaughnessy (1809 - 1889)

Question 15

Thomas Latta (1796 - 1833)

Question 16

oral rehydration therapy (ORT)

Question 17

food based ORT

Question 18

facultative pathogen

Question 19

obligate pathogen

Question 20

flagellum

Question 21

bacteriophage

Question 22

interstitial fluid

Answer 22

The fluid found in the intercellular spaces composed of water, amino acids, sugars, fatty acids, coenzymes, hormones, neurotransmitters, salts, and cellular products. It bathes and surrounds the cells of the body, and provides a means of delivering materials to the cells, intercellular communication, and removal of metabolic waste.

Question 23

toxigenic

Answer 23

(especially of a bacterium) producing a toxin or toxic effect.

Question 24

nontoxigenic

Question 25

oral rehydration solution

Question 26

OCV

Answer 26

oral cholera vaccine

Question 27

shoe-leather epidemiology

Answer 27

The practice of personally investigating disease. outbreaks at the local population level, and not relying on the reports of others.

Question 28

miasmatism

Question 29

miasma theory versus germ theory

Answer 29

The miasma theory only stated that bad air or miasma was the leading cause of every disease. According to germ theory, the diseases are spread and caused by the presence and actions of specific micro-organisms within the body through many mediums such as water, food, and contact.

Question 30

rice water cholera

Answer 30

a watery stool containing white flecks of mucus, epithelial cells, and bacteria that is characteristic of severe forms of diarrhea

Question 31

ID₅₀

Answer 31

The infective dose, or more specifically the ID50, is the estimated number of organisms or virus particles required to produce infection in 50% of normal adult humans exposed by a given route.