Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

ACIT4620 - Computational Intelligence > Module 00 - Lecture 01 - Overview of AI and CI > Flashcards

Module 00 - Lecture 01 - Overview of AI and CI Flashcards

1
Q

Overview of AI and CI

When did AI become a field?

A

1956

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Overview of AI and CI

How old is the AI field?

A

60 years.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Overview of AI and CI

What happened in 1956 (event)?

A

The Dartmouth conference.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Overview of AI and CI

What did John McCarthy coin in 1956?

A

The term AI.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Overview of AI and CI

Who coined the term AI?

A

John McCarthy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Overview of AI and CI

What is intelligence?

A

The ability to achieve goals in the world.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Overview of AI and CI

What is artificial intelligence?

A

It is the sci and eng of making intelligent machines, especially intelligent computer programs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Overview of AI and CI

What is Russel & Norvig’s definition of AI? (3)

A

AI (1) acts and (2) thinks like a human, and (3) rationally.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Overview of AI and CI

What are the “dual aims of AI”? (2)

A

To (1) augument and (2) understand human thinking with computer AIs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Overview of AI and CI

What is Herbert Simon known for in the slides? (Besides GPS)

A

“The dual aims of AI”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Overview of AI and CI

What are some of the easier tasks for AI? (GDIT)

A

– playing chess/go
– medical diagnosis
– symbolic integration
– proving theorems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Overview of AI and CI

What are some of the harder tasks for AI? (MPOST)

A

– (M)ind: Modeling the internal states of other animals from their behaviour
– (P)redator/prey: Catching prey and avoiding predators
– (O)bstacles: Walking around without running into things
– (S)ensory: Interpreting sensory info (visual, auditory, …)
– (T)eamwork: Working as a team (ants, bees)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Overview of AI and CI

What period was the birth of AI (in the slides)?

A

1943 – 56

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Overview of AI and CI

What did McCulloch and Pitts’ model of neurons propose?

A

It proposed resting and firing states that could realize all propositional logic primitives.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Overview of AI and CI

What’s special about the period 1943-1956?

A

The slides say it’s the “birth of AI”.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Overview of AI and CI

When did McCulloch and Pitts propose their model?

A

1943

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Overview of AI and CI

What happened in 1950?

A

Alan Turing’s “Turing machine” and the “Turing test”.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Overview of AI and CI

When did Alan Turing propose the Turing test?

A

1950.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Overview of AI and CI

What did Claude Shannon think computers could do in the future?

A

Play chess.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Overview of AI and CI

Who suggested computers could play chess?

A

Claude Shannon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Overview of AI and CI

In what year was the Dartmouth conference held?

A

1956

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Overview of AI and CI

When was the period of “Early enthusiasm”?

A

1952 – 69

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Overview of AI and CI

What was emphasized in the period of “Early enthusiasm”?

A

Various general problem-solving algorithms like game tree search and A* search.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Overview of AI and CI

Who invented the LISP, the programming language for AI?

A

John McCarthy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Overview of AI and CI

What is John McCarthy known for?

A

Inventing the LISP, the programming language for AI.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Overview of AI and CI

What did Marvin Minsky pioneer?

A

Artificial neural networks.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Overview of AI and CI

Who invented the GPS (General problem solver)?

A

Alan Newell & Herbert Simon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Overview of AI and CI

What did Alan Newell & Herbert Simon invent?

A

GPS (General problem solver)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Overview of AI and CI

In the context of AI, what is GPS?

A

General problem solver, a system developed by Alan Newell & Herbert Simon.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Overview of AI and CI

When was the period of Knowledge engineering?

A

1966 – 74

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Overview of AI and CI

What is the name of the period between 1966 – 74?

A

Knowledge engineering

32
Q

Overview of AI and CI

What is the main idea behind knowledge engineering?

A

Domain-specific knowledge is the key to success

33
Q

Overview of AI and CI

What are the two Knowledge representation paradigms?

A

Declarative vs. procedural

34
Q

Overview of AI and CI

When was the period of Expert systems?

A

1969 – 99

35
Q

Overview of AI and CI

What period happened between (1969 – 99)?

A

Expert systems

36
Q

Overview of AI and CI

What is the purpose of the DENDRAL AI?

A

Determine 3D structures of complex chemical compounds

37
Q

Overview of AI and CI

What AI could determine 3D structures of complex chemical compounds?

A

DENDRAL

38
Q

Overview of AI and CI

What is the MYCIN AI?

A

A set of 450 rules for diagnosing blood infectious diseases.

39
Q

Overview of AI and CI

What early AI used rules for diagnosing blood infectious diseases?

A

MYCIN

40
Q

Overview of AI and CI

What is the PROSPECTOR AI?

A

An AI doing something with geological ES for mineral deposits

41
Q

Overview of AI and CI

What AI did something with geological ES for mineral deposits?

A

PROSPECTOR

42
Q

Overview of AI and CI

When was the AI industry period?

A

1980 – 89

43
Q

Overview of AI and CI

What is the name of the 1980 – 89 AI period?

A

The AI industry period

44
Q

Overview of AI and CI

When was the second AI winter?

A

Late 80s and early 90s.

45
Q

Overview of AI and CI

When was the period called the Modern stage

A

1990 – present

46
Q

Overview of AI and CI

What is the name of the AI period from 1990 – the present?

A

The Modern stage.

47
Q

Overview of AI and CI

How did goals change in the modern stage?

A

More realistic goals, more application-oriented

48
Q

Overview of AI and CI

In the modern stage, how did the scale of AI develop?

A

-> Distributed AI (DAI) and intelligent agents

49
Q

Overview of AI and CI

What came back in the modern stage? (C+AFE)

A

resurgence of computational intelligence (soft computing) –
- ANNs, fuzzy systems, evolutionary algorithms

50
Q

Overview of AI and CI

In the modern stage, what is the dominating method?

A

Machine learning and deep learning

51
Q

Overview of AI and CI

What is weak AI?

A

Machines can be made to act as if they were intelligent.

52
Q

Overview of AI and CI

What are machines called when they act AS IF they were intelligent?

A

Weak AI

53
Q

Overview of AI and CI

What is strong AI?

A

Machines that act intelligently and have real, conscious minds.

54
Q

Overview of AI and CI

What do you call machines with real, conscious minds?

A

Strong AI

55
Q

Overview of AI and CI

What is the turning test?

A

A human communicates with a computer via a teletype. It passes if the human can’t tell he is talking to a computer or another human.

56
Q

Overview of AI and CI

What is the Total Turing Test?

A

The Turing Test + vision and robotics.

57
Q

Overview of AI and CI

What do you get when you combine the Turing Test with robotics and vision?

A

The Total Turing Test.

58
Q

Overview of AI and CI

What are the differences between the imitation game and the turning test?

A

Imitation game: Distinguish between male/female.
Turing test: Distinguish between human/robot.

59
Q

Overview of AI and CI

How does the turning test work?

A

There are three participants. You, a human and an AI.
You ask text questions through a screen to find out which is the human and which is the AI.

60
Q

Overview of AI and CI

What is PSSH short for?

A

Physical Symbol System Hypothesis

61
Q

Overview of AI and CI

What is the PSSH (Physical Symbol System Hypothesis)?

A

Intelligent action can be modelled by a system manipulating symbols.

62
Q

Overview of AI and CI

What is the name of this hypothesis?
Intelligent action can be modelled by a system manipulating symbols.

A

PSSH (Physical Symbol System Hypothesis)

63
Q

Overview of AI and CI

What are the 2 ways of achieving AI (per the slides)?

A

Biological and phenomenal

64
Q

Overview of AI and CI

When looking at how to achieve AI, what is “The Biological Approach”?

A

Study humans and imitate their psychology or physiology.

65
Q

Overview of AI and CI

When looking at how to achieve AI, what is “The Phenomenal Approach”?

A

Study and formalize common sense facts about the world and problems the world presents to achieve goals.

66
Q

Overview of AI and CI

What are the main techniques of AI? (SEA)

A
  • Search
  • Knowledge-Based Systems (Expert Systems)
  • Agent-based
67
Q

Overview of AI and CI

What is search?

A

Looking for solutions to problems in a feature space.

68
Q

Overview of AI and CI

What is symbolic AI? (TSL)

A
  • Top-down approach
  • Symbol processing
  • Logic programming
69
Q

Overview of AI and CI

What are Knowldege-Based Systems? (KIL)

A
  • Knowledge base
  • Inference/reasoning engine
  • Logic languages like Prolog, Lisp
70
Q

Overview of AI and CI

What is Computational Intelligence? (BILD)

A
  • Bottom-up approach
  • Bio-inspired
  • Learning from experiences/examples
  • Info stored in a distributed manner, no centralized control
71
Q

Overview of AI and CI

What is the main idea behind soft computing?

A

Allow tolerance for imprecision, uncertainty, and partial truth.

72
Q

Overview of AI and CI

What are Evolutionary Algorithms based on?

A

Darwin’s evolution theory, Survival of the fittest

73
Q

Overview of AI and CI

What is Evolutionary optimization?

A

“Survival of the fittest”, genetic heredity, and mutation.

74
Q

Overview of AI and CI

What’s an Agent? (PAG)

A

Something that:
1) Perceives its environment through sensors
2) Acts upon the environment through effectors
3) Progress towards its goals.

75
Q

Overview of AI and CI

What does it mean when an agent is task-specific?

A

It has well-defined goals and environment

76
Q

Overview of AI and CI

What is a utility agent?

A

An agent that tries to maximize its utility, i.e. happiness.

ACIT4620 - Computational Intelligence (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions