Module 00 - Lecture 01 - Overview of AI and CI Flashcards
Overview of AI and CI
When did AI become a field?
1956
Overview of AI and CI
How old is the AI field?
60 years.
Overview of AI and CI
What happened in 1956 (event)?
The Dartmouth conference.
Overview of AI and CI
What did John McCarthy coin in 1956?
The term AI.
Overview of AI and CI
Who coined the term AI?
John McCarthy
Overview of AI and CI
What is intelligence?
The ability to achieve goals in the world.
Overview of AI and CI
What is artificial intelligence?
It is the sci and eng of making intelligent machines, especially intelligent computer programs.
Overview of AI and CI
What is Russel & Norvig’s definition of AI? (3)
AI (1) acts and (2) thinks like a human, and (3) rationally.
Overview of AI and CI
What are the “dual aims of AI”? (2)
To (1) augument and (2) understand human thinking with computer AIs.
Overview of AI and CI
What is Herbert Simon known for in the slides? (Besides GPS)
“The dual aims of AI”
Overview of AI and CI
What are some of the easier tasks for AI? (GDIT)
– playing chess/go
– medical diagnosis
– symbolic integration
– proving theorems
Overview of AI and CI
What are some of the harder tasks for AI? (MPOST)
– (M)ind: Modeling the internal states of other animals from their behaviour
– (P)redator/prey: Catching prey and avoiding predators
– (O)bstacles: Walking around without running into things
– (S)ensory: Interpreting sensory info (visual, auditory, …)
– (T)eamwork: Working as a team (ants, bees)
Overview of AI and CI
What period was the birth of AI (in the slides)?
1943 – 56
Overview of AI and CI
What did McCulloch and Pitts’ model of neurons propose?
It proposed resting and firing states that could realize all propositional logic primitives.
Overview of AI and CI
What’s special about the period 1943-1956?
The slides say it’s the “birth of AI”.
Overview of AI and CI
When did McCulloch and Pitts propose their model?
1943
Overview of AI and CI
What happened in 1950?
Alan Turing’s “Turing machine” and the “Turing test”.
Overview of AI and CI
When did Alan Turing propose the Turing test?
1950.
Overview of AI and CI
What did Claude Shannon think computers could do in the future?
Play chess.
Overview of AI and CI
Who suggested computers could play chess?
Claude Shannon
Overview of AI and CI
In what year was the Dartmouth conference held?
1956
Overview of AI and CI
When was the period of “Early enthusiasm”?
1952 – 69
Overview of AI and CI
What was emphasized in the period of “Early enthusiasm”?
Various general problem-solving algorithms like game tree search and A* search.
Overview of AI and CI
Who invented the LISP, the programming language for AI?
John McCarthy
Overview of AI and CI
What is John McCarthy known for?
Inventing the LISP, the programming language for AI.
Overview of AI and CI
What did Marvin Minsky pioneer?
Artificial neural networks.
Overview of AI and CI
Who invented the GPS (General problem solver)?
Alan Newell & Herbert Simon
Overview of AI and CI
What did Alan Newell & Herbert Simon invent?
GPS (General problem solver)
Overview of AI and CI
In the context of AI, what is GPS?
General problem solver, a system developed by Alan Newell & Herbert Simon.
Overview of AI and CI
When was the period of Knowledge engineering?
1966 – 74
Overview of AI and CI
What is the name of the period between 1966 – 74?
Knowledge engineering
Overview of AI and CI
What is the main idea behind knowledge engineering?
Domain-specific knowledge is the key to success
Overview of AI and CI
What are the two Knowledge representation paradigms?
Declarative vs. procedural
Overview of AI and CI
When was the period of Expert systems?
1969 – 99
Overview of AI and CI
What period happened between (1969 – 99)?
Expert systems
Overview of AI and CI
What is the purpose of the DENDRAL AI?
Determine 3D structures of complex chemical compounds
Overview of AI and CI
What AI could determine 3D structures of complex chemical compounds?
DENDRAL
Overview of AI and CI
What is the MYCIN AI?
A set of 450 rules for diagnosing blood infectious diseases.
Overview of AI and CI
What early AI used rules for diagnosing blood infectious diseases?
MYCIN
Overview of AI and CI
What is the PROSPECTOR AI?
An AI doing something with geological ES for mineral deposits
Overview of AI and CI
What AI did something with geological ES for mineral deposits?
PROSPECTOR
Overview of AI and CI
When was the AI industry period?
1980 – 89
Overview of AI and CI
What is the name of the 1980 – 89 AI period?
The AI industry period
Overview of AI and CI
When was the second AI winter?
Late 80s and early 90s.
Overview of AI and CI
When was the period called the Modern stage
1990 – present
Overview of AI and CI
What is the name of the AI period from 1990 – the present?
The Modern stage.
Overview of AI and CI
How did goals change in the modern stage?
More realistic goals, more application-oriented
Overview of AI and CI
In the modern stage, how did the scale of AI develop?
-> Distributed AI (DAI) and intelligent agents
Overview of AI and CI
What came back in the modern stage? (C+AFE)
resurgence of computational intelligence (soft computing) –
- ANNs, fuzzy systems, evolutionary algorithms
Overview of AI and CI
In the modern stage, what is the dominating method?
Machine learning and deep learning
Overview of AI and CI
What is weak AI?
Machines can be made to act as if they were intelligent.
Overview of AI and CI
What are machines called when they act AS IF they were intelligent?
Weak AI
Overview of AI and CI
What is strong AI?
Machines that act intelligently and have real, conscious minds.
Overview of AI and CI
What do you call machines with real, conscious minds?
Strong AI
Overview of AI and CI
What is the turning test?
A human communicates with a computer via a teletype. It passes if the human can’t tell he is talking to a computer or another human.
Overview of AI and CI
What is the Total Turing Test?
The Turing Test + vision and robotics.
Overview of AI and CI
What do you get when you combine the Turing Test with robotics and vision?
The Total Turing Test.
Overview of AI and CI
What are the differences between the imitation game and the turning test?
Imitation game: Distinguish between male/female.
Turing test: Distinguish between human/robot.
Overview of AI and CI
How does the turning test work?
There are three participants. You, a human and an AI.
You ask text questions through a screen to find out which is the human and which is the AI.
Overview of AI and CI
What is PSSH short for?
Physical Symbol System Hypothesis
Overview of AI and CI
What is the PSSH (Physical Symbol System Hypothesis)?
Intelligent action can be modelled by a system manipulating symbols.
Overview of AI and CI
What is the name of this hypothesis?
Intelligent action can be modelled by a system manipulating symbols.
PSSH (Physical Symbol System Hypothesis)
Overview of AI and CI
What are the 2 ways of achieving AI (per the slides)?
Biological and phenomenal
Overview of AI and CI
When looking at how to achieve AI, what is “The Biological Approach”?
Study humans and imitate their psychology or physiology.
Overview of AI and CI
When looking at how to achieve AI, what is “The Phenomenal Approach”?
Study and formalize common sense facts about the world and problems the world presents to achieve goals.
Overview of AI and CI
What are the main techniques of AI? (SEA)
- Search
- Knowledge-Based Systems (Expert Systems)
- Agent-based
Overview of AI and CI
What is search?
Looking for solutions to problems in a feature space.
Overview of AI and CI
What is symbolic AI? (TSL)
- Top-down approach
- Symbol processing
- Logic programming
Overview of AI and CI
What are Knowldege-Based Systems? (KIL)
- Knowledge base
- Inference/reasoning engine
- Logic languages like Prolog, Lisp
Overview of AI and CI
What is Computational Intelligence? (BILD)
- Bottom-up approach
- Bio-inspired
- Learning from experiences/examples
- Info stored in a distributed manner, no centralized control
Overview of AI and CI
What is the main idea behind soft computing?
Allow tolerance for imprecision, uncertainty, and partial truth.
Overview of AI and CI
What are Evolutionary Algorithms based on?
Darwin’s evolution theory, Survival of the fittest
Overview of AI and CI
What is Evolutionary optimization?
“Survival of the fittest”, genetic heredity, and mutation.
Overview of AI and CI
What’s an Agent? (PAG)
Something that:
1) Perceives its environment through sensors
2) Acts upon the environment through effectors
3) Progress towards its goals.
Overview of AI and CI
What does it mean when an agent is task-specific?
It has well-defined goals and environment
Overview of AI and CI
What is a utility agent?
An agent that tries to maximize its utility, i.e. happiness.