Module 00 - Lecture 01 - Overview of AI and CI Flashcards by Rikard Donnelly

Overview of AI and CI

When did AI become a field?

1956

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Overview of AI and CI

How old is the AI field?

60 years.

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Overview of AI and CI

What happened in 1956 (event)?

The Dartmouth conference.

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Overview of AI and CI

What did John McCarthy coin in 1956?

The term AI.

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Overview of AI and CI

Who coined the term AI?

John McCarthy

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Overview of AI and CI

What is intelligence?

The ability to achieve goals in the world.

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Overview of AI and CI

What is artificial intelligence?

It is the sci and eng of making intelligent machines, especially intelligent computer programs.

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Overview of AI and CI

What is Russel & Norvig’s definition of AI? (3)

AI (1) acts and (2) thinks like a human, and (3) rationally.

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Overview of AI and CI

What are the “dual aims of AI”? (2)

To (1) augument and (2) understand human thinking with computer AIs.

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Overview of AI and CI

What is Herbert Simon known for in the slides? (Besides GPS)

“The dual aims of AI”

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What are some of the easier tasks for AI? (GDIT)

– playing chess/go
– medical diagnosis
– symbolic integration
– proving theorems

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What are some of the harder tasks for AI? (MPOST)

– (M)ind: Modeling the internal states of other animals from their behaviour
– (P)redator/prey: Catching prey and avoiding predators
– (O)bstacles: Walking around without running into things
– (S)ensory: Interpreting sensory info (visual, auditory, …)
– (T)eamwork: Working as a team (ants, bees)

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Overview of AI and CI

What period was the birth of AI (in the slides)?

1943 – 56

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What did McCulloch and Pitts’ model of neurons propose?

It proposed resting and firing states that could realize all propositional logic primitives.

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Overview of AI and CI

What’s special about the period 1943-1956?

The slides say it’s the “birth of AI”.

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Overview of AI and CI

When did McCulloch and Pitts propose their model?

1943

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What happened in 1950?

Alan Turing’s “Turing machine” and the “Turing test”.

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When did Alan Turing propose the Turing test?

1950.

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Overview of AI and CI

What did Claude Shannon think computers could do in the future?

Play chess.

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Who suggested computers could play chess?

Claude Shannon

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In what year was the Dartmouth conference held?

1956

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When was the period of “Early enthusiasm”?

1952 – 69

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What was emphasized in the period of “Early enthusiasm”?

Various general problem-solving algorithms like game tree search and A* search.

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Overview of AI and CI

Who invented the LISP, the programming language for AI?

John McCarthy

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# Overview of AI and CI What is John McCarthy known for?

Inventing the LISP, the programming language for AI.

# Overview of AI and CI What did Marvin Minsky pioneer?

Artificial neural networks.

# Overview of AI and CI Who invented the GPS (General problem solver)?

Alan Newell & Herbert Simon

# Overview of AI and CI What did Alan Newell & Herbert Simon invent?

GPS (General problem solver)

# Overview of AI and CI In the context of AI, what is GPS?

General problem solver, a system developed by Alan Newell & Herbert Simon.

# Overview of AI and CI When was the period of Knowledge engineering?

1966 – 74

# Overview of AI and CI What is the name of the period between 1966 – 74?

Knowledge engineering

# Overview of AI and CI What is the main idea behind knowledge engineering?

Domain-specific knowledge is the key to success

# Overview of AI and CI What are the two Knowledge representation paradigms?

Declarative vs. procedural

# Overview of AI and CI When was the period of Expert systems?

1969 – 99

# Overview of AI and CI What period happened between (1969 – 99)?

Expert systems

# Overview of AI and CI What is the purpose of the DENDRAL AI?

Determine 3D structures of complex chemical compounds

# Overview of AI and CI What AI could determine 3D structures of complex chemical compounds?

DENDRAL

# Overview of AI and CI What is the MYCIN AI?

A set of 450 rules for diagnosing blood infectious diseases.

# Overview of AI and CI What early AI used rules for diagnosing blood infectious diseases?

MYCIN

# Overview of AI and CI What is the PROSPECTOR AI?

An AI doing something with geological ES for mineral deposits

# Overview of AI and CI What AI did something with geological ES for mineral deposits?

PROSPECTOR

# Overview of AI and CI When was the AI industry period?

1980 – 89

# Overview of AI and CI What is the name of the 1980 – 89 AI period?

The AI industry period

# Overview of AI and CI When was the second AI winter?

Late 80s and early 90s.

# Overview of AI and CI When was the period called the Modern stage

1990 – present

# Overview of AI and CI What is the name of the AI period from 1990 – the present?

The Modern stage.

# Overview of AI and CI How did goals change in the modern stage?

More realistic goals, more application-oriented

# Overview of AI and CI In the modern stage, how did the scale of AI develop?

-> Distributed AI (DAI) and intelligent agents

# Overview of AI and CI What came back in the modern stage? (C+AFE)

resurgence of computational intelligence (soft computing) – - ANNs, fuzzy systems, evolutionary algorithms

# Overview of AI and CI In the modern stage, what is the dominating method?

Machine learning and deep learning

# Overview of AI and CI What is weak AI?

Machines can be made to act as if they were intelligent.

# Overview of AI and CI What are machines called when they act AS IF they were intelligent?

Weak AI

# Overview of AI and CI What is strong AI?

Machines that act intelligently and have real, conscious minds.

# Overview of AI and CI What do you call machines with real, conscious minds?

Strong AI

# Overview of AI and CI What is the turning test?

A human communicates with a computer via a teletype. It passes if the human can’t tell he is talking to a computer or another human.

# Overview of AI and CI What is the Total Turing Test?

The Turing Test + vision and robotics.

# Overview of AI and CI What do you get when you combine the Turing Test with robotics and vision?

The Total Turing Test.

# Overview of AI and CI What are the differences between the imitation game and the turning test?

Imitation game: Distinguish between male/female. Turing test: Distinguish between human/robot.

# Overview of AI and CI How does the turning test work?

There are three participants. You, a human and an AI. You ask text questions through a screen to find out which is the human and which is the AI.

# Overview of AI and CI What is PSSH short for?

Physical Symbol System Hypothesis

# Overview of AI and CI What is the PSSH (Physical Symbol System Hypothesis)?

Intelligent action can be modelled by a system manipulating symbols.

# Overview of AI and CI What is the name of this hypothesis? Intelligent action can be modelled by a system manipulating symbols.

PSSH (Physical Symbol System Hypothesis)

# Overview of AI and CI What are the 2 ways of achieving AI (per the slides)?

Biological and phenomenal

# Overview of AI and CI When looking at how to achieve AI, what is "The Biological Approach"?

Study humans and imitate their psychology or physiology.

# Overview of AI and CI When looking at how to achieve AI, what is "The Phenomenal Approach"?

Study and formalize common sense facts about the world and problems the world presents to achieve goals.

# Overview of AI and CI What are the main techniques of AI? (SEA)

- Search - Knowledge-Based Systems (Expert Systems) - Agent-based

# Overview of AI and CI What is search?

Looking for solutions to problems in a feature space.

# Overview of AI and CI What is symbolic AI? (TSL)

- Top-down approach - Symbol processing - Logic programming

# Overview of AI and CI What are Knowldege-Based Systems? (KIL)

- Knowledge base - Inference/reasoning engine - Logic languages like Prolog, Lisp

# Overview of AI and CI What is Computational Intelligence? (BILD)

- Bottom-up approach - Bio-inspired - Learning from experiences/examples - Info stored in a distributed manner, no centralized control

# Overview of AI and CI What is the main idea behind soft computing?

Allow tolerance for imprecision, uncertainty, and partial truth.

# Overview of AI and CI What are Evolutionary Algorithms based on?

Darwin’s evolution theory, Survival of the fittest

# Overview of AI and CI What is Evolutionary optimization?

"Survival of the fittest", genetic heredity, and mutation.

# Overview of AI and CI What’s an Agent? (PAG)

Something that: 1) Perceives its environment through sensors 2) Acts upon the environment through effectors 3) Progress towards its goals.

# Overview of AI and CI What does it mean when an agent is task-specific?

It has well-defined goals and environment

# Overview of AI and CI What is a utility agent?

An agent that tries to maximize its utility, i.e. happiness.