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MODII Exam1 Flashcards

1
Q

What does desmoplasia mean? SCirrhous?

A

Soft and abundant neoplasm

STony hard

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2
Q

Sarcomas are what part of the body? and how to they metastasize
Carcinomas?

A 
Sarcoma = mesenchymal; heme
Carcinomas = epithelium; lymph
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3
Q

What does myxoid stroma mean?

Pleimorphic adenoma?

A

a tissue, such as mixed salivary gland, can also have cartilage or bone inside it
Same example, has both epithelial and myoepithelial tissue

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4
Q

2 examples of well differentiated malignant tumors?

A

adenoma of the thyroid

squamous cell carcinoma

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5
Q

What malignant tumors don’t usually metastasize?

A

gliomas and basal cell carcinomas

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6
Q

Pseudomyoxi peritonei is what?

A

When an ovary carcinoma seeds into the peritoneum, creating a gelatinous mucus mass

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7
Q

What type of cancer is rare in children?

A

Cacrinomas

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8
Q

Benign tumors rarely become malignant, but what is one that does?

A

Colonic villous adenoma

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9
Q

What is an unencapsulated benign tumor?

A

Hemangiomas

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10
Q

Where lymph nodes do lung carcinomas go to?

A

Perihilar tracheobraonchial and mediastinal nodes

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11
Q

A renal carcinoma metasasizes in what way? Where does it go?

A

Renal vein –> IVC –> Right side heart

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12
Q

What kind of cancers metastize via the veins and where do they end up?

A

sarcomas; end up in lung or liver

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13
Q

Where does lung cancer metastasize to usually? breast?

Neuroblastoma?

A

Adrenals or brain

Breast= bone

NB = liver and bone

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14
Q

What cancers are most prvalent in children 0-14

A
  1. Leukemia
  2. CNS
  3. Neuroblastoma
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15
Q

Metal smelting workers/Electricians:

A

Arsenic –> lung and skin carcinomas

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16
Q

Construction/Renovation

A

Asbestos

–> lung carcinoma, gastric and colon carcinoma, mesothelioma

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17
Q

dry cleaning/painters/rubber factory/ detergents

Light oil

A

benzene –> ACute myeloid leuekemia

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18
Q

Astronaut/aerospace engineer

A

Beryllium –> lung carcinoma

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19
Q

Metal worker with yellow pigments, also batteries?

A

Chromium –> lung carcinoma

Cadmium –> prostate carcinoma

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20
Q

Painter with ceramic adn recycled battery sculptures

A

Nickel –> lung and oropharyngeal carcinoma

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21
Q

Miner who works in quarry, or just pounding at home

A

Radon –> lung carcinoma

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22
Q

Refrigeator/plumber

A

Vinyl chloride –> hepatic angiocarcinoma

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23
Q

What chronic inflmmatory states can be induced into cancer?

A

Gastric reflux Barrett esophagus

Squamous metaplasia of bronchial mucosa and bladder

Colonic metaplasia in pernicious anemia and gastritis

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24
Q

What is a benign neopalsm that can turn cancerous?

A

Colonic villous adenoma

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25
Q

What is the most common noninflammatory hyperplasia that becomes neoplastic?

A

endometrial hyperplasia

Leukoplakia –> squamous carcinoma

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26
Q

What is leukoplakia

A

thickeneing of squamous that occurs in oral cavity, penis or vulva

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27
Q

What are the hallmarks of cancer?

A
  • self sufficient GFs
  • Insensitive to inhibitory signals
  • Warburg
  • Evasion of apop
  • Limitless replication
  • sustained angiogenesis
  • Ability to invade and metastasize
  • Ability to evade host immune respone
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28
Q

(9;22)

A

Chronic Myelogenous leukemia

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29
Q

(8;21)

A

Acute myeloid leukemia

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30
Q

(15;17)

A

Acute myeloid leukemia

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31
Q

(8;14)

A

Burkitt lymphoma

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32
Q

(11;14)

A

Mantle cell lymphoma

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33
Q

(14;18)

A

Follicular lymphoma

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34
Q

A GOF in ERBB1&2 results in? What GF is this located in?

A

1: lung Adenocarcinoma
2: Breast carcinoma

EGF

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35
Q

This proto-oncongene causes neuroblastoma or adenocarcinoma of lung, depending on the mutation

A

ALK receptor

translocation of ELM: adenocarcionma of lung

Point of TRK: Neuroblastoma

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36
Q

3 proteins involving signa tranduction can cause cancer. what are they? What cancers?

A

RAS

  • Most common
  • Pancreas, colon, endometrial, thyroid, lung, myeloid

RAF
- proto: BRAF = melanoma, hairy cell leukemia, colon

ABL
- CML and acute lymphoblastic leukemia

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37
Q

An NMYC amplification causes? CMYC?

A

Neuroblastoma

Brukitt’s lymphoma

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38
Q

Tell me about APC

A

Gatekeeper of colonic neoplasia

INhibits WNT –> LOF —> FAP (familial adenomatous polyposis –> colon carcinoma

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39
Q

PTCH causes what

What type is it?

A

Basal cell cacrinoma and medulloblastoma

Mitogenic signaling

“gorlin syndrome”
SHH signaling

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40
Q

What is a schwannoma?

A

Nerve sheath tumor; involved with NF2, neurofibromatosis , a mitogenic signaling

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41
Q

How do cancers evade apoptosis?

A

BCL2 is overexpressed

42
Q

How are cancers like stem cells

A

Reactive telomerase, inacvitate senescence

43
Q

What activates angiognesnsis? Inihbits?

A

Activates: HIFa, RAS, MYC, MAPK
Decativates: p53 w/ thrombospondin 1

44
Q

How do cancers avoid host defense?

A

CD8s kill them

  • Antigen negative variants survive
  • Reduce MHC complex
  • Secreting TGFb and PD1 and galectins
45
Q

What is HNPCC syndrome?

A

Hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer.

defects in repair system cause colon carcinoma

46
Q

What carcinogens are direct acting? Indirect?

What cancers do they cause?

A

Alkylating (acute myeloid leukemia

  • Polycyclic hydrocarbons –> lung cancer
  • Benzo a pyrene –> lung cacner
  • aromatic –> bladder
47
Q

What viruses are identified as oncogenic?

A

HPV, EBC, HepB,

48
Q

Helicobacter pylori stuff

A

Gatric adrenocarcinomas:
CAGa gene

MOA for MALTomas
Polyclonal B cell proliferation; IL1 and TNF

49
Q

What are the oncogenes?

A 
ALk
BCR
BCL2
BRAF
cMYC
nMYC
HER2
KRAS
50
Q

what are the tumor supppressor genes?

A 
APC
BRCA
CDKN2A
NFA1, 2
Rb
p53
VHL
WT1
51
Q

Homologous recomination DNA repair is due to?

A

Sensitivity to ionizing radiation

52
Q

HTLV1 causes what? Uses what?

A

TAX that gives it transforming activity
Activates NFkB

T cell leukemia

53
Q

HPV causes what using what?

A

Cervical cacrinoma
E6 - telomerase upregulation

E7 - inactivates p21 and p27
activates cyclins E and A

54
Q

EBV causes what

A

B cell lymphoma, Burkitt lymphoma

B cell = LMP; Burkitt NO LMP

LMP = Activates BCL2

55
Q

When I say thrombophlebitis you say !

MIgratory Superficial

A

Trousseau

Pancreas or lung carcinomas

56
Q

DIC is associated with what cancer

waht cures this?

A

Acute promyelocytic leukemia

Vitamin A

57
Q

Pt has a CA-125 tumor marker.

A

Ovarian tumor

58
Q

CNS disturbance in children
Peripheral neuopathy in adults
Dx?
Burton’s lines, ring sideroblasts, colic, anemia, PCT damage w/ gout

A

Lead poisoning

59
Q

Cerebral palsy, blindness, deafness and major CNS defects are seen in who?

A

Children whose mothers ate methyl mercury

minamata

60
Q

What xenobiotic treats promyelocytic leukemia?

61
Q

MOA of Cadmium

A

Calcium loss

62
Q

What causes an acloholic’s cerebellum to be crappy?

A

thiamine deficiency

63
Q

Obese kids with a wilms tumor may have problems with what metabolic hormone?

A

Leptin and lower BDNF

MC4R receptor mutation

64
Q

Which hormone is lowest in Prdaer willi?

A

PYY from ilum

65
Q

What are RXR

A
  • Substance binds to RXR on CYP, activating PPAR and PqXR, which turn CYP on
  • RXR keeps calcium in muscle, too in heat stroke victims
  • Regulates cell ccle control by binding to Vitamin A
  • Regulates fatty acid oxidation this way too
66
Q

What xenobiotic gets into the lungs, is eaten by macrophages and causes CV effects?

A

Soot/particualte matter.

67
Q

Carboxyhemoglobin in blood means what?

free Protoporphyrin in the blood means what?

A

CO poisoning. Red cherry

Lead poisoining

68
Q

Indoor checmicals?

A 
Tobacco, 
Wood smoke
Bioaerosols
Radon
Formaldehyde
69
Q

Pt has gout and colic. what isthe pathophys

A

Lead

Lead binds sulfhydryl group and inhibits calcium metabolism

70
Q

A metal worker from Bangladesh reports paresthesia, numbness, and pain. What are you worried about?

A

arsenic messes up Oxphos

71
Q

Which uses ZIP8 transpoters?

A

Cadmium prostate cancer

72
Q

What are the carciongens in cigarette?

Toxic to cilia?

A

Tar
Polyccylcic hydrocarbons
benzoapyrene
nitrosamines

formaldehyde
NO
PHenol

73
Q

Get me from smoking to lung cancer

A

Smoking –> irritates cilia –> bronchitis –> Elastase from neutrophils –> emphysema
–> lung cancer

74
Q

What is cotinine

A

the thing from second hand smoke that increaes irsk of CAD< MI and lung cnacer

75
Q

Centrolobular necrosis means what

A

Acetaminophen OD

76
Q

A pt presents with headache, dizziness, tinnitus, confusion and convulsions. What do you expect to see in their Medication history? What other sx?

A

aspirin

Erosive gastritis
Petechial hemorrhages
renal papillary necrosis
analgesic nephropathy

77
Q

What street drug blocks the reuptake of dopamine and NE/epi? what are the CV and CNS effects?

A

Cocaine

HTN, tachycardia,
vascoconstriction

CNS:
Hyperpyrexia
seizures
lethal arrythmias due to K, Ca, Na

78
Q

What causes gangrenous necrosis

A

hypothermia –> vasoconstriction

79
Q

Health effects of total body irradiation

A

if 1-2 Sv = lymphocyte
2-10Sv = bone marrow
10-20 = small bowel and death
50+ = death by brain

80
Q

What is TRPV6 used for?

A

Receptor for Vitamin D to incarese Ca absorption

activates RankL on osteoblasts

81
Q

Child born with hepatospolenomegaly, pallor, jaundice, neuro injury, and edema

A

Hydrops

Hemolytic anemia
kernicterus
erythroblastosis fetalis
hepatosp

82
Q

ETV6- NTRK3

A

unique to congenital infantile fibrosarcoma

83
Q

Nitroamines and nitroadmidesa re what?

A

endogenous carciongens for gastric cancer; comes from preservatives and common veggies

84
Q

What are examples of xenobiotics that p450 turn toxic?

A

benze[a]pyrene from cigarettes

CCl4–> CCl3

85
Q

Chronic CO sx?

A

Memory impairment, vision/hearig/speech problems

86
Q

58 yo Pt presetns with dermatosis, hyperpigmentation, hyperkeratosis on face and ears.

A

Classic dioxin and PCB

87
Q

Pickwickian syndrome is what

A

Hypoventilation syndrome in obses pts

88
Q

The more fat you have the blank adiponectin you have

A

Adiponectin senses insulin, and activates when you need it. WHen you’r fat, you are hyperinsulinemic and have less adiponectin

89
Q

What tiem period do we see deformations?

A

35-38 weeks

90
Q

What are teh risk factors for having a prmee

A

PPROM
Intrauterine

PPROM: Vaginal blleding, hx, poor nutriiton, smoking

91
Q

What kind of abnormaltiiles cause asymmetric growth retardation?

A

Placental.

Fetal are symmetric

92
Q

What are the tx complications of RDS

What are they at an increased risk for?

A

Retrolental fibroplasia

BRonchopulmonary dysplasia

  • atent ductus arteriosus
  • necrotizing enterocolitis
  • itnraventricular hemorrhage
93
Q

Necrotizing entercoloitis MOA

A

PAF patelet activating facotr

94
Q

Non-immune hydrops

A

CV, Chromosome, A thalassemia

95
Q

What re big sxs associated with cystic fibrosis?

A

Pancreatic insufficiency

Meconium ileus

biateral agenesis of vas deferens

96
Q

What is hemangioma

A

Most common
Port wine stains
Flat, elevated irregular red blue masses on skin
Enlarge with growth of child
Associated with von hipple-lindau disease

renal cell carcinoma and pheochromocytoma

97
Q

Most common thyroid tumors?

Breast?

A

Papillae cacinoma
Adenocarcinoma

Infiltrating ductal carcinoma of breast

98
Q

What can bind and inhibit RB?

A

Viral oncoprotein E7

99
Q

Pt presents with corticotropin and pro-opiomelanocortin.

A

If pro=opiomelanocorticin is there, CUshings with lung cancer .

If only corticotropin, cushing swithout lung cancer

100
Q

Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis

A

Results in mucin secreting adenocarcinoma

101
Q

Excess in Vitamin A causes what? What makes it even worse?

A

Cleft palate

Tgfb gene mutation

102
Q

ABL

A

Chronic myelogenous leukemia

ALL

MOD (3 decks)

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