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MODII Exam1 Flashcards

1
Q

What does desmoplasia mean? SCirrhous?

A

Soft and abundant neoplasm

STony hard

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2
Q

Sarcomas are what part of the body? and how to they metastasize
Carcinomas?

A 
Sarcoma = mesenchymal; heme
Carcinomas = epithelium; lymph
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3
Q

What does myxoid stroma mean?

Pleimorphic adenoma?

A

a tissue, such as mixed salivary gland, can also have cartilage or bone inside it
Same example, has both epithelial and myoepithelial tissue

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4
Q

2 examples of well differentiated malignant tumors?

A

adenoma of the thyroid

squamous cell carcinoma

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5
Q

What malignant tumors don’t usually metastasize?

A

gliomas and basal cell carcinomas

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6
Q

Pseudomyoxi peritonei is what?

A

When an ovary carcinoma seeds into the peritoneum, creating a gelatinous mucus mass

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7
Q

What type of cancer is rare in children?

A

Cacrinomas

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8
Q

Benign tumors rarely become malignant, but what is one that does?

A

Colonic villous adenoma

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9
Q

What is an unencapsulated benign tumor?

A

Hemangiomas

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10
Q

Where lymph nodes do lung carcinomas go to?

A

Perihilar tracheobraonchial and mediastinal nodes

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11
Q

A renal carcinoma metasasizes in what way? Where does it go?

A

Renal vein –> IVC –> Right side heart

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12
Q

What kind of cancers metastize via the veins and where do they end up?

A

sarcomas; end up in lung or liver

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13
Q

Where does lung cancer metastasize to usually? breast?

Neuroblastoma?

A

Adrenals or brain

Breast= bone

NB = liver and bone

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14
Q

What cancers are most prvalent in children 0-14

A
  1. Leukemia
  2. CNS
  3. Neuroblastoma
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15
Q

Metal smelting workers/Electricians:

A

Arsenic –> lung and skin carcinomas

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16
Q

Construction/Renovation

A

Asbestos

–> lung carcinoma, gastric and colon carcinoma, mesothelioma

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17
Q

dry cleaning/painters/rubber factory/ detergents

Light oil

A

benzene –> ACute myeloid leuekemia

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18
Q

Astronaut/aerospace engineer

A

Beryllium –> lung carcinoma

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19
Q

Metal worker with yellow pigments, also batteries?

A

Chromium –> lung carcinoma

Cadmium –> prostate carcinoma

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20
Q

Painter with ceramic adn recycled battery sculptures

A

Nickel –> lung and oropharyngeal carcinoma

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21
Q

Miner who works in quarry, or just pounding at home

A

Radon –> lung carcinoma

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22
Q

Refrigeator/plumber

A

Vinyl chloride –> hepatic angiocarcinoma

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23
Q

What chronic inflmmatory states can be induced into cancer?

A

Gastric reflux Barrett esophagus

Squamous metaplasia of bronchial mucosa and bladder

Colonic metaplasia in pernicious anemia and gastritis

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24
Q

What is a benign neopalsm that can turn cancerous?

A

Colonic villous adenoma

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25
What is the most common noninflammatory hyperplasia that becomes neoplastic?
endometrial hyperplasia Leukoplakia --> squamous carcinoma
26
What is leukoplakia
thickeneing of squamous that occurs in oral cavity, penis or vulva
27
What are the hallmarks of cancer?
- self sufficient GFs - Insensitive to inhibitory signals - Warburg - Evasion of apop - Limitless replication - sustained angiogenesis - Ability to invade and metastasize - Ability to evade host immune respone
28
(9;22)
Chronic Myelogenous leukemia
29
(8;21)
Acute myeloid leukemia
30
(15;17)
Acute myeloid leukemia
31
(8;14)
Burkitt lymphoma
32
(11;14)
Mantle cell lymphoma
33
(14;18)
Follicular lymphoma
34
A GOF in ERBB1&2 results in? What GF is this located in?
1: lung Adenocarcinoma 2: Breast carcinoma EGF
35
This proto-oncongene causes neuroblastoma or adenocarcinoma of lung, depending on the mutation
ALK receptor translocation of ELM: adenocarcionma of lung Point of TRK: Neuroblastoma
36
3 proteins involving signa tranduction can cause cancer. what are they? What cancers?
RAS - Most common - Pancreas, colon, endometrial, thyroid, lung, myeloid RAF - proto: BRAF = melanoma, hairy cell leukemia, colon ABL - CML and acute lymphoblastic leukemia
37
An NMYC amplification causes? CMYC?
Neuroblastoma | Brukitt's lymphoma
38
Tell me about APC
Gatekeeper of colonic neoplasia INhibits WNT --> LOF ---> FAP (familial adenomatous polyposis --> colon carcinoma
39
PTCH causes what What type is it?
Basal cell cacrinoma and medulloblastoma Mitogenic signaling "gorlin syndrome" SHH signaling
40
What is a schwannoma?
Nerve sheath tumor; involved with NF2, neurofibromatosis , a mitogenic signaling
41
How do cancers evade apoptosis?
BCL2 is overexpressed
42
How are cancers like stem cells
Reactive telomerase, inacvitate senescence
43
What activates angiognesnsis? Inihbits?
Activates: HIFa, RAS, MYC, MAPK Decativates: p53 w/ thrombospondin 1
44
How do cancers avoid host defense?
CD8s kill them - Antigen negative variants survive - Reduce MHC complex - Secreting TGFb and PD1 and galectins
45
What is HNPCC syndrome?
Hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer. | defects in repair system cause colon carcinoma
46
What carcinogens are direct acting? Indirect? | What cancers do they cause?
Alkylating (acute myeloid leukemia - Polycyclic hydrocarbons --> lung cancer - Benzo a pyrene --> lung cacner - aromatic --> bladder
47
What viruses are identified as oncogenic?
HPV, EBC, HepB,
48
Helicobacter pylori stuff
Gatric adrenocarcinomas: CAGa gene MOA for MALTomas Polyclonal B cell proliferation; IL1 and TNF
49
What are the oncogenes?
``` ALk BCR BCL2 BRAF cMYC nMYC HER2 KRAS ```
50
what are the tumor supppressor genes?
``` APC BRCA CDKN2A NFA1, 2 Rb p53 VHL WT1 ```
51
Homologous recomination DNA repair is due to?
Sensitivity to ionizing radiation
52
HTLV1 causes what? Uses what?
TAX that gives it transforming activity Activates NFkB T cell leukemia
53
HPV causes what using what?
Cervical cacrinoma E6 - telomerase upregulation E7 - inactivates p21 and p27 activates cyclins E and A
54
EBV causes what
B cell lymphoma, Burkitt lymphoma B cell = LMP; Burkitt NO LMP LMP = Activates BCL2
55
When I say thrombophlebitis you say ! MIgratory Superficial
Trousseau Pancreas or lung carcinomas
56
DIC is associated with what cancer | waht cures this?
Acute promyelocytic leukemia Vitamin A
57
Pt has a CA-125 tumor marker.
Ovarian tumor
58
CNS disturbance in children Peripheral neuopathy in adults Dx? Burton's lines, ring sideroblasts, colic, anemia, PCT damage w/ gout
Lead poisoning
59
Cerebral palsy, blindness, deafness and major CNS defects are seen in who?
Children whose mothers ate methyl mercury minamata
60
What xenobiotic treats promyelocytic leukemia?
Arsenic
61
MOA of Cadmium
Calcium loss
62
What causes an acloholic's cerebellum to be crappy?
thiamine deficiency
63
Obese kids with a wilms tumor may have problems with what metabolic hormone?
Leptin and lower BDNF MC4R receptor mutation
64
Which hormone is lowest in Prdaer willi?
PYY from ilum
65
What are RXR
- Substance binds to RXR on CYP, activating PPAR and PqXR, which turn CYP on - RXR keeps calcium in muscle, too in heat stroke victims - Regulates cell ccle control by binding to Vitamin A - Regulates fatty acid oxidation this way too
66
What xenobiotic gets into the lungs, is eaten by macrophages and causes CV effects?
Soot/particualte matter.
67
Carboxyhemoglobin in blood means what? free Protoporphyrin in the blood means what?
CO poisoning. Red cherry Lead poisoining
68
Indoor checmicals?
``` Tobacco, Wood smoke Bioaerosols Radon Formaldehyde ```
69
Pt has gout and colic. what isthe pathophys
Lead Lead binds sulfhydryl group and inhibits calcium metabolism
70
A metal worker from Bangladesh reports paresthesia, numbness, and pain. What are you worried about?
arsenic messes up Oxphos
71
Which uses ZIP8 transpoters?
Cadmium prostate cancer
72
What are the carciongens in cigarette? Toxic to cilia?
Tar Polyccylcic hydrocarbons benzoapyrene nitrosamines formaldehyde NO PHenol
73
Get me from smoking to lung cancer
Smoking --> irritates cilia --> bronchitis --> Elastase from neutrophils --> emphysema --> lung cancer
74
What is cotinine
the thing from second hand smoke that increaes irsk of CAD< MI and lung cnacer
75
Centrolobular necrosis means what
Acetaminophen OD
76
A pt presents with headache, dizziness, tinnitus, confusion and convulsions. What do you expect to see in their Medication history? What other sx?
aspirin Erosive gastritis Petechial hemorrhages renal papillary necrosis analgesic nephropathy
77
What street drug blocks the reuptake of dopamine and NE/epi? what are the CV and CNS effects?
Cocaine HTN, tachycardia, vascoconstriction CNS: Hyperpyrexia seizures lethal arrythmias due to K, Ca, Na
78
What causes gangrenous necrosis
hypothermia --> vasoconstriction
79
Health effects of total body irradiation
if 1-2 Sv = lymphocyte 2-10Sv = bone marrow 10-20 = small bowel and death 50+ = death by brain
80
What is TRPV6 used for?
Receptor for Vitamin D to incarese Ca absorption activates RankL on osteoblasts
81
Child born with hepatospolenomegaly, pallor, jaundice, neuro injury, and edema
Hydrops Hemolytic anemia kernicterus erythroblastosis fetalis hepatosp
82
ETV6- NTRK3
unique to congenital infantile fibrosarcoma
83
Nitroamines and nitroadmidesa re what?
endogenous carciongens for gastric cancer; comes from preservatives and common veggies
84
What are examples of xenobiotics that p450 turn toxic?
benze[a]pyrene from cigarettes | CCl4--> CCl3
85
Chronic CO sx?
Memory impairment, vision/hearig/speech problems
86
58 yo Pt presetns with dermatosis, hyperpigmentation, hyperkeratosis on face and ears.
Classic dioxin and PCB
87
Pickwickian syndrome is what
Hypoventilation syndrome in obses pts
88
The more fat you have the blank adiponectin you have
Adiponectin senses insulin, and activates when you need it. WHen you'r fat, you are hyperinsulinemic and have less adiponectin
89
What tiem period do we see deformations?
35-38 weeks
90
What are teh risk factors for having a prmee
PPROM Intrauterine PPROM: Vaginal blleding, hx, poor nutriiton, smoking
91
What kind of abnormaltiiles cause asymmetric growth retardation?
Placental. Fetal are symmetric
92
What are the tx complications of RDS What are they at an increased risk for?
Retrolental fibroplasia BRonchopulmonary dysplasia - atent ductus arteriosus - necrotizing enterocolitis - itnraventricular hemorrhage
93
Necrotizing entercoloitis MOA
PAF patelet activating facotr
94
Non-immune hydrops
CV, Chromosome, A thalassemia
95
What re big sxs associated with cystic fibrosis?
Pancreatic insufficiency Meconium ileus biateral agenesis of vas deferens
96
What is hemangioma
Most common Port wine stains Flat, elevated irregular red blue masses on skin Enlarge with growth of child Associated with von hipple-lindau disease renal cell carcinoma and pheochromocytoma
97
Most common thyroid tumors? | Breast?
Papillae cacinoma Adenocarcinoma Infiltrating ductal carcinoma of breast
98
What can bind and inhibit RB?
Viral oncoprotein E7
99
Pt presents with corticotropin and pro-opiomelanocortin.
If pro=opiomelanocorticin is there, CUshings with lung cancer . If only corticotropin, cushing swithout lung cancer
100
Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis
Results in mucin secreting adenocarcinoma
101
Excess in Vitamin A causes what? What makes it even worse?
Cleft palate Tgfb gene mutation
102
ABL
Chronic myelogenous leukemia | ALL

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