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Bio 300 Exam 2 > Modification of Mendelian Ratios > Flashcards

Modification of Mendelian Ratios Flashcards

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1
Q

Mendels Laws

Mendels Laws

A
  1. Parents Alles will be divided Randomly into gametes - each gamate will recive one allel or the other, stats with equal likelihood
  2. Each trait is inherited independently of every other trait - separate genes are not inherited together they assort independently
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2
Q

Was mendel Wrong?

Was Mendel Wrong?

A

Why do some phenotypes not fit the 3:1 ratio?
* Multiple Genes controlling one trait
* One gene controlling multiple traits
* Multiple alleles in one gene
* Alleles neither dominant or recessive
* Enviormental effects on trait

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3
Q

Altering Mendels Ratios

Altering Mendels Ratios

A
  1. Genotypic Ratios follow mendels laws, but phenotypes do not - somehow the underlying genotypic ratios are hidden
  2. Mendels laws do not apply - both genotypes and phenotypes are not following mendels laws
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4
Q

Type 1 - Laws in Effect

Type 1 - Laws in Effect

A
  1. Lethal Genotypes
  2. Incomplete Dominance
  3. Co-dominance
  4. Allelic Heterogeneity
  5. Genetic Heterogeneity
  6. Epistasis
  7. Pleiotropy
  8. Sex Dependent Traits
  9. Penetrance
  10. Expressivity
  11. Tempature Dependnet Expression
  12. Phenocopy
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5
Q

Type 2 - Mendels Laws No Longer Apply

Type 2 - Mendels Laws No Longer Apply

A
  1. Non-nucular inheritance: mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA, which is soley maternally inherited
  2. Linkage: Two genes that are so close together physcially that they are inherited together
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5
Q

Type 2 - Mendels Laws No Longer Apply

Type 2 - Mendels Laws No Longer Apply

A
  1. Non-nucular inheritance: mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA, which is soley maternally inherited
  2. Linkage: Two genes that are so close together physcially that they are inherited together
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6
Q

Lethal Alleles

Lethal Alleles

A

Mutations in genes that are necessary for survival cannot exist
* Often tolerated in heterozygotes because some protein is still made
* Lethal in homozygote mutant

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7
Q

Incomplete Dominance

Incomplete Dominance

A
  • Neither allele dominants over the other
  • Producing an intermediate phenotype
  • Homo Dom (RR) = red flowers
  • Homo Rec (rr) = White Flowers
  • Heterozygoutes (Rr) = pink Flowers
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8
Q

Codominance

Codominance

A

Both Alleles are expressed equally
* Phenotype determined by both alleles
* Not intermediate, but a third phenotype

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9
Q

Multiple Alleles

Multiple Alleles

A
  • one gene can have many different alleles, phenotype may be determined by which two alleles are present in individual
  • Allelic Heterogeneity
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10
Q

Multiple Genes

Multiple Genes

A
  • Other times a single trait will be controlled by more than one gene
  • Genetic heterogeneity
  • Phenotype not determined by inheritance of two alleles of one gene - but instead alleles of all the genes
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11
Q

Seperate Complications

Seperate Complications

A

How can one tell if complication caused by more than one alele or mutation
* Allelic Heterogeneity

Or more than one gene
* Genetic Heterogeneity

You must do a complimentation analysis

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12
Q

Epistasis

Epistasis

A
  • Protein from one gne interacts, modifies or masks the protein from onther gene
  • Either because: Two genes interact, or because both genes affect same phenotype
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13
Q

Pleiotropy

Pleiotropy

A

One gene controls more than one trait
* Pleiotrpy occurs when one genes controls more than one pathway or is expressed in more than one body part

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14
Q

X-Linked Genes

X-Linked Genes

A

All the genes on the sex chromosome (X) have differential Inheritance dependent:
* Sex of Parent
* Sex of offspring
* Males are neither Homo or Hetero they are Hemizygous (XY)
* males dont pass X chromsome to their sons, only to their daughter

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15
Q

Pedigree Analysis

Pedigree Analysis

A

X-Linked Recessive
* More males are affected
* Passed from affected mothers to all sons
* Affeced fathers will only transmit to heterozygous, unaffected daughters

X-Linked Dominant:
* Males and Females both affected
* Affected mothers to half of children
* Affected fathers to every daughter affected

16
Q

Sex limited Traits

Sex limited Traits

A

Traits expressed in body parts that onlt exist in one sex and not other

17
Q

Sex Influenced Traits

Sex Influenced Traits

A

Traits that exist in both sexes, but gene expression is influenced by hormone level

  • Ex. male Patern Baldness
18
Q

Modifying Forces

Modifying Forces

A
  • Hormone Levels are one example of an outside force interacting with a gene
  • A multitude of these forces exist: External Enviorment, And the inside the cell (other proteins)
  • Modifying the expression of phenotype by: interaction of gene with enviorment, interaction with other genes
19
Q

Penetrance vs. Expressivity

Penetrance vs. Expressivity

A

Both follow mendels laws:
* Genotypic ratio is still 1:2:1
* Phenotypic Ratio is affected

Both have to do with amount of phenotype present
* Penetrance: all or none offsrping is affected or not
* Expressivity: is the severity of the phenotype offspring show a range of phenotypes

20
Q

Tempature - Expression

Tempature - Expression

A

ex. Body Tempature during development can affecr expression of phenotype
* Siamese Pigmentation
* Enzyme for pigment only works in cool tempatures

21
Q

Phenocopy

Phenocopy

A

Trait that is not genetic at all
* An enviormentally caused trait that apperas to be inherited in famililes
* an enviormentally caused phenotype that mimics a known inherited Phenotytpe
* Dosent produce mendelian ratios because its not actuallt controlled by genes

Bio 300 Exam 2 (4 decks)

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