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Modernity > Modernity In Class-Test > Flashcards

Modernity In Class-Test Flashcards

1
Q

Who is JS Mill

A
  • “the most influential English-speaking philosopher of the nineteenth century”.
  • All About Negative Freedom *freedom from
  • ## An atheist
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2
Q

What does JS Mill look for

A
  • looks for freedom
  • Always thought the humans and society can be better version of themselves
  • Democracy does not solve the issue of despotism
  • Individuals must be able to act upon their intentions without causing harm
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3
Q

What did JS Mill argue

A
  • against the idea that in a democracy, no needs to worry about than abuse of power.
  • argues that that individual difference, and weirdness should be celebrated and protected wherever possible.
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4
Q

What is JS Mill’s Liberalism

A
  • No one but the individual can determine what the good life is
  • Freedom from outside influence (freedom is the absence of coercion)
  • Tension between liberalism and democracy
  • so long as no harm is done to another, freedom must be respected
  • Happiness is the sole basis of morality
  • encourage individuality to become better versions of your self
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5
Q

What is the History of Liberty (JS Mills)

A
  • started as a protection against the tyranny
  • was the attainment of certain immunities in order to limit the threat either through political liberties of rights or through constitutional checks
  • At this early stage, love of authority or fear of the lack of authority meant liberty was caged
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6
Q

What is Representation and Majority (JS Mills)

A
  • Representative government - No longer a clear division b/w rulers and ruled
  • Who is represented? - Exercisers of power are not always the same as those over whom it is exercised (class) But also pluralism
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7
Q

what is Tyranny of the Majority (JS Mills)

A
  • There must be protection against prevailing public opinion and convention not just authority
  • The Majority has power in a democracy
  • Protect the oddities from the conforming masses (both win)
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8
Q

What is Finding the Limits (JS Mills)

A
  • If you have the capacity to stop harm, and don’t do it, you have violated the harm principle
    -the minority performs and/or appears as a majority due to the lack of liberty/individuality
  • Those who understand democracy want to support you, those who question it want to criminalize you
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9
Q

What is the Harm Principle (JS Mill)

A
  • everyone should get along with their life as long as they don’t commit harm
  • Anyone who sees harm, you own it to yourself to do something about it
  • Individual requires to act not acting to cause harm
  • Individuals must not make him/herself a nuisance to others (without justifiable cause)
  • Despotism and illiberal actions are fine if dealing with savages if the end is an improvement for those “barbarians”
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10
Q

what are the 3 Untouchable liberties that the Harm Principle can’t not compel

A
  1. Inward Consciousness
    - Thoughts, feelings, opinions, Freedom of speech (for all)
  2. Pursuit of happiness
    - As long as our acts don’t harm others leave us alone
  3. Freedom to gather together and unite
    “No society in which these liberties are not, on the whole, respected, is free, whatever may be its form of government.”
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11
Q

what is Individuality (JS Mill)

A
  • societies normally want conformity over individuality= means Stability
  • Pursuing our own good in our own way, so long as we do not attempt to deprive others of theirs, (THIS IS INDIVIDUALITY)
  • Conformity is pushed by customs and tradition
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12
Q

Why is conversation important (JS Mill)

A
  • Fallibalism (incomplete knowledge): YOU MIGHT BE WRONG!
  • Empiricism (senses): NO TRUTH MEANS WE MUST EXPERIENCE TRUTHS AND TEST THEM THOUGH OUR SENSE
  • Progress (testing)
    BE REASONABLE AND DEMAND THE IMPOSSIBLE
  • deny the right to speech = deny the right to hear that speech
  • Individual freedom is not a divine right so It must be practiced to be realized*
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13
Q

What is the loss of living power (JS Mills)

A
  • If a true opinion is not debated, the meaning of the opinion may be lost
  • Christianity has this problem as people’s beliefs are not reflected in their conduct
  • Mill accepts that uncontested opinions will appear but this doesn’t mean that is good.
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14
Q

What is Conflicting Doctrines (JS Mill)

A
  • doctrines rarely is one entirely right and the other entirely wrong
  • Truth is usually somewhere in between
  • Law shouldn’t restrict discussion and public opinion should consider the merits of both sides equally
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15
Q

What are Some of Toussaint L’Ouverture’s Achievements

A
  • Haiti’s - 1st successful revolt in the modern world led to the liberation of people of colour and slaves
  • Haiti - 1st independent country in Latin America
  • Haiti - 1st post-colonial independent black-led nation in the world
  • Haiti- only nation independence was gained by a successful slave rebellion
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16
Q

what was Aristide guiding question

A
  • Did L’ouverture liberate himself from Physical and Mental slavery?
  • Does Toussaint’s legacy offer a line of liberation that can be implemented today
  • Would fulfilling Toussaint’s social and economic* legacy allow us to eradicate poverty, the modern version of slavery, and move towards real freedom?
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17
Q

Did L’Ouverture Liberate himself from Physical and Mental slavery?

A
  • He cared for the protection of his former masters
  • YET always consistent with his basic principles, understood that ends do justify means (Consequentialist and Rational)
  • Was not a mental slave
  • Minority control majority with the help of mental slaves who internalize the imposed identity (KEY ISSUE!)
  • You deal with me and engage with me as an equal, no higher no lower
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18
Q

What are some facts FROM Adam

A
  • Conquest came with the dispossession of land and seizure of natural resources
  • Followed by the creation of the Manichean system, whereby the Indians were confined on reserves and white European settlers on the newly sized land
  • How does this fit “Enlightened ideals?”- spirituality, industrialization, individualism, private property, the scientific revolution
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19
Q

What does it mean Enlightenment for some (Adam)

A
  • Canadian government was to ensure the gifts of the enlightenment were to never shared with indigenous communities
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20
Q

What was Freedom from /Freedom (Adam)

A
  • The tension that has been looked at throughout the term
  • Freedom/equality
  • locals were seen as a nuisance (setters wanted to be free from the nuisance)
  • Dispossession and seizure of land were rationalized into the acts of the settlers
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21
Q

What is the Indian Act (Adam)

A
  • remove Aboriginals from land needed to build the railway across Canada (industrialization)
  • racist police force (Royal Mounted Police RMP) was created in order to ensure compliance which included not being allowed to leave the reserve without written permission
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22
Q

What is Prison-Like Culture (Adam)

A
  • “Silencing voices before they are ever heard”
  • Obedience to colonial authority was part of the social conscience
  • colonialism had rendered the tribes submissive and harmless (childlike)
  • incapable of self-reliance due to theft of land and put on reserves (also something required for enlightenment)
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23
Q

What was the purpose of Tocqueville analysis

A
  • citizen of democracy love equality more the liberty
  • individualism is a mature and calm love of self - think about their destiny lies in their hands
  • egoism is exaggerated self-love - put our own interest above others
  • if elected leaders take on the role of guardians, the citizens will be reduced to a state of perpetual childhood, enslaving them “in the minor detail of life. “
24
Q

what is liberalism (burke)

A
  • the individual takes pretty over society (who over what)
  • Freedom: Individuals have the right to make choices for themselves. STILL laws to prohibit certain acts Freedom of religion/secularism
  • Equality: Rejection of instituted hierarchies. A belief that all persons are morally or politically equal (in principle and with some exceptions.
  • Rationalism: Humans are capable of thinking logically and rationally. Disembodied thinking in the public interest (virtue)
  • Progress: Unless valuable in relation to other ideals traditions should be ignored new ideas are to be encouraged as they lead to progress in the economy, and society
  • The free market: Liberalism and capitalism go hand in hand. it easily creates wealth, as opposed to traditional economies, which often have extensive regulations and limits on which occupations people can hold.
25
Q

what ate the 4 key terms for liberal and condervatists (burke)

A
  1. tradition-
  2. freedom-
  3. Reason
  4. Free Market
26
Q

what is freedom (burke)

A

Liberal
- necessary for humans to achieve their unique promise
- Common people able to do uncommon things
- Ones freedom only limited by the freedom of others (public interest)

Conservative:
- Social customs and traditional responsibilities are needed to control excesses of freedom
- Freedom can lead to selfishness (private over public)
- Freedom can be too much for the common people to handle

27
Q

what is reason (burke)

A

Liberal
- Common people have the capacity to use critical thinking and self-reflection

Conservative:
- When it comes to governing experience is superior to reason
- Reason alone is prone to error
- Common people not ready for the responsibility attached to reason

28
Q

who was associated with L’Ouverture

A

Aristide and he was mental slavery (minority control relies on it)
- worried about raising few enslaved people to semi-freedom in order to help enforce slavery
-

29
Q

what was Burke a member of

A

the Whig party in British Parliament from 1765-1794

30
Q

What are the three categories for Montesquieu

A
  • Spritis , Structures, and Corruption
31
Q

what are the categories of spirits for Montesquieu, explain

A
  • REPUBLICAN: Virute = (aristocracy, democracy)
    Those who make and enforce the law (the council) are themselves subject to the law (citizen), thus must be some extra force to keep them from abusing their power: Virtue
  • MONARCHIES: Honour= The power and responsibility is distributed through a hierarchical system, which is governed by laws that are ultimately enforced by the king who occupies the top , Prefer oneself to others
  • DESPOTISM: Fear= The only way to turn self-interest towards the interest of the state is through fear of capricious punishment (the law is the despot’s will)
32
Q

what are the categories of Structure for Montesquieu, explain

A

REPUBLICAN: Council= decisions are made by a council

MONARCHIES: the council is chosen by everyone

DESPOTISM: everyone is equal in absolute slavery to the despot
The despot devotes him or herself to pleasure and appoints a vizier to do the dirty work, transferring absolute power to temporality

33
Q

what are the categories of Corruption for Montesquieu, explain

A

REPUBLICAN: inequality and extreme equality =
- Both corruptions are caused by either real or perceived individualism/self-interest

MONARCHIES: Micromanagement= monarch micromanages, collapsing the hierarchy to him or herself,
Deprives societies or cities of their privileges

DESPOTISM: Can’t keep,= IS ONLY CORRUPTION, It is ONLY kept from being completely corrupted by some external obstacle such as religion, or an easy climate,

34
Q

what kind of person was L’Ouverture

A

he was always consistant with basic principles (consequentialist and rationalist)
- sought alliances that could bring him closer to his goal
- a free man before the revolution but did not see himself as free until all others (his people) were free

35
Q

what was Mills concern

A

individuality in the face of the majority in a democratic system that needs to rely on the majority which has power in a democracy

36
Q

What does Free Speech means to Mills

A

Free speech is not okay if it harms others; people can be forced to act in a particular way if it will prevent harm to others

STRONG SUPPORTER OF FREE SPEECH AS LONG AS ITS NOT HARMFUL

37
Q

Why is equality over freedom a problem (Tocqueville)

A

Equality without Liberty is Despotism

38
Q

what does Democray power mean to Tocqueville

A

the power is located in the people
- dangers are slow to arrive and difficult to detect (unlike freedom)
-Easier to make people happy

39
Q

what will people give up ( Tocqueville)

A

when asking for freedom all we really want is equality, people will give up their freedom for equality

40
Q

why did Tocqueville chose America

A

because the nation is strongly interested with democracy
- Slavarly is on outlier that can not/should not continue to take place
- no one is subjected to a form of pain or hardship that someones else is not

41
Q

what are the dangers of a decorative system (Tocqueville)

A
  • ## the dangers are built upon adults to turn us back into children, opposite of keep clam and carry on
42
Q

what is Tocqueville’s views on democracy

A

often mistakenly pressure maximum equality at the expence of liberty

43
Q

what is toquevilles hope

A

sees problems with American democracy, sees hope in small organizations/associations because they resist tendancies towards selfishness

44
Q

fast and slow rewards

A

equality is fast and easy to see and experience the benefits.
Liberty is slow to see value and not easy to recognize benefits.

45
Q

L’Overture was

A

a pragmatist and a rationalist.

46
Q

what was l’overture against

A

revenge on former masters because it would not help achieve long term goals.

47
Q

what influenced Aristide

A

his long term goals.
took the declaration of rights of man and the spirit of the French Revolution.

48
Q

Adam showed that Enlightenment ideals…

A

were only ever ment for the few

49
Q

What is necessary for indigenous sovereignty?

A

anti-capitalist mass movement (Adams belief)

50
Q

what was part of settlers societies acts? (Adams)

A

dissposition and seziure of land [this allowed for the realization of enlightenment through economic development (railway)]

51
Q

What did Adams colonizer act like?

A

Hobbes’ Leviathan (without the ligitamacy of being voted in)

52
Q

What was Burkes perception on the French Revolution?

A

not a fan, because it wasn’t rational nor moderate

53
Q

What was Burke

A

a patriot, politician, and a philosopher

54
Q

What was Mill all about?

A

Negitive Freedom (Freedom From)

55
Q

What is Tyrany of the Majority

A

the majority has power in a democracy (draw attention to the failures)

Modernity (1 decks)

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