Modern Psychology Flashcards
What are some of the prominent fields in modern psychology?
Developmental, personality, and social psychology
What is developmental psychology?
The study of age-related changes in behavior and mental processes from conception to death.
Who developed the clinical method?
Jean Piaget
What is the clinical method?
The investigative technique of asking probing questions and recording responses without judgment.
What does Piaget’s stage model theory explain about a child’s development?
Children’s understanding of the world goes through a series of transformations.
What are the stages involved in Piaget’s stage model theory?
Operation
Assimilation
Accommodation
Equilibration
Define Operation according to Piaget’s stage model theory.
Piaget’s term for a logical thought process
Define Assimilation according to Piaget’s stage model theory.
A process whereby new information is incorporated into existing cognitive structures.
Define Accommodation according to Piaget’s stage model theory.
Process whereby new information leads to the construction of novel cognitive structures.
Define Equilibration according to Piaget’s stage model theory.
The process of aligning cognitive structures with current environmental conditions.
What is genetic epistemology?
The study of the origin of knowledge. It talks about the origin of something not necessarily DNA.
Lev Vygotsky believed that there were three types of speech present in children. What are they? Define.
Social speech: When children talk with other people
Private speech: When children talk out loud to themselves
Inner speech: Finally, when children learn to enlist language for thinking
What is the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)?
the difference between a child’s actual and potential development.
He believed that would help tailor the learning of a child.
Which psychologist did an extensive study on hospitalized children?
John Bowlby
What conclusion did Bowlby come to when studying hospitalized children?
The importance of having emotional and psychological needs met through having safe and loving relationships with caregivers.
Define Attachment
The deep emotional bond that develops between an infant and their mother.
However, this dynamic can exist between a child and any caregiver.
What is the Internal working model?
An infant’s mental framework for understanding how relationships work based on interactions with caregivers.
Define Attachment Theory
The proposal that the kind of caregiver-infant bond that develops in the first year has significant consequences for later social, emotional, and personality development.
What is the security theory?
Infants need to develop a secure dependence upon their caregivers in order to develop the coping skills necessary for navigating a complex adult world.
What is a secure base, according to attachment styles?
The conceptualization of the caregiver’s role as providing a safe zone from which the child can explore the world and to which they can retreat when frightened.
Mary Ainsworth developed three different attachment styles. What are they? Define.
Secure attachment: A mother-infant bond in which the baby is distressed by their mother’s departure but soothed by her return.
Insecure attachment-avoidant: mother-infant bond in which the baby is not distressed by their mother’s departure and shows little interest in her return
Insecure attachment- Anxious: A mother-infant bond in which the baby is distressed by their mother’s departure but is not soothed by her return.
What is disorganized attachment?
When babies would display behaviors that could not be accounted for by the other three attachment styles.
What is the social learning theory?
The proposal that children learn strategies for dealing with the world by copying the behaviors of their parents.
What is the Social cognitive theory?
The proposal that people construct their own lives by choosing for themselves which models to emulate and which to reject.
What is Perceptual Learning?
The process of becoming more sensitive to the meaningful aspects of a visual scene.
What is temperament?
The behavioral profile that is present in the infant at birth
What is the mean length of utterance?
The average number of meaningful units per sentence, used as a measure of language development.
What did psychologists Kenneth & Mamie Clark show through their doll study?
A clear confirmation of the impact of racial segregation amongst children who were of color.
What did psychologist Martha Bernal bring up as a psychologist that changed how research was conducted/
That the systemic racism of American society was paralleled within the field of psychology.
She believed in multicultural psychology which encounraged diversity
What is personality psychology?
The study of a person’s characteristic ways of feeling, acting, and thinking.
What is the Three needs theory, as proposed by David McClelland?
The proposal that an individual’s personality is shaped by the three basic needs of achievement, power, and affiliation, one of which will dominate.
