modern psychology Flashcards
Modern Pespectives in Psychology
ideas of early psychologists that have been incorporated in the different perspectives that psychologists use today
Each perspective offers a different explanation on how an illness may have developed
Humanistic perspective
focuses on the present and what can be done to help thrive in a situation rather than explanations based on what happened in the past
Humanistic approach
will focus on developing one’s sense of worth and allow a person to make their own choices that will lead to healing.
psychodynamic perspective
behaviour is a product of the unconscious mind and repressed needs/defense mechanisms
psychodynamic approach
will focus on surfacing one’s unconscious needs and conflicts to make more conscious informed decisions
behavioral perspective
behavior is learned through reward and punishment
behavioral approach
will remove the rewards maintaining the illness and creates a reward system whenever a positive action is done
cognitive perspective
behavior is a product of mental processes such as thinking, beliefs, problem solving, memory in relation to relationships with society and culture
cognitive approach
would spend time training in identifying and refuting irrational beliefs
biopsychological perspective
behavior is determined by biological events such as hormones, genes, brain activity
biopsychological approach
would likely give medication that will help regulate hormone levels.
socio-cultural perspective
behavior and mental processes are influenced by one’s social and cultural environment
socio-cultural approach
will likely advise patient to minimize exposure to something that makes their mental health worse like social media
evolutionary perspective
behavior is a function for survival. uses biological bases of universal mental characteristics that all humans share that is a a genetic behavior passed on, so it does not leave room for change
evolutionary approach
Looks at the way the mind works and focused on explaining behaviors rather than changing them
why is multi-perspective approach important
- necessary for a holistic understanding of the individual
- each perspective gives a different perspective about the person and solutions on improving a behavior.
Otherwise, we’ll be missing the bigger picture.
Putting all pieces together can create a complete picture
Perceivable Question
Specific, clear, and must be empirical (can be answered with observable and measurable data)
Hypothesis
Also known as: tentative explanation. Should be based on theory or an explanation for a set of observation that have been found to be true most of the time.
Why should hypotheses be based on theories?
information might contradict our biases (falsification)
Test
- Hypothesis will be tested
- instead of looking for confirmatory evidence (a process called verification), actively seek out the true explanation.
Why is testing the hypothesis important
People have a tendency to notice only things that agree with their view of the world, a kind of selective perception called confirmation bias. It’s done to prevent this.
conclusions
drawn based on the evidence collected that try to answer the research question.
Importance of report, revise, replicate
- Sharing information is how science grows
- way of checking and validating the merits of the methods and findings.
Scientific methods of psychology
- Perceive questions
- Hypothesize
- Test
- Draw conclusions
- Report, revise, replicate
Importance of ethics in research
ensures that participants are protected from harm
4 major principles of ethics in research
- Scientific soundness
- Respect for persons
- Non-maleficence and beneficence
- Justice
Scientific soundness
- adequate justification for the research
- human participants are necessary
- rigorous procedures are in place
- researchers are competent in conducting the research.
Respect for persons
upholding the right of each participant to autonomy by giving them voluntary choice to join the study after being informed of its nature, purpose, risks, and benefits.
Non-maleficence and beneficence
means that risks are minimized and that they are reasonable given the anticipated benefits to society.
Justice
indicates mean just compensation for our participants and that the benefits and burdens of the study are equally shared
those who take the greatest risks should also receive the most benefit from the information that will be collected.
