Modern History - Power and Authority

Question 1

Background info

G— lacked the r— required to fight a prolonged w— and the isolation imposed by the British b— of German p— by the Royal N— meant that there were chronic s— of raw m—

Answer 1

Germany lacked the resources required to fight a prolonged war and the isolation imposed by the British blockade of German ports by the Royal Navy meant that there were chronic shortages of raw materials

Question 2

Background info

G— was cut off from supplies of m—, and vital items like r— and p—

Answer 2

Germany was cut off from supplies of metals, and vital items like rubber and petroleum

Question 3

Background info

Also, before 1—, about one t— of Germany’s f— supplies had been i—

Answer 3

Also, before 1914, about one third of Germany’s food supplies had been imported

Question 4

Background info

The g— tried to manage the f— shortage crisis by imposing p— controls and r—. Meat could only be eaten on 5 d— of a w—, turnips and potatoes were mixed with flour to make bread and bread was rationed from 1—

Answer 4

The government tried to manage the food shortage crisis by imposing price controls and rationing. Meat could only be eaten on 5 days of a week, turnips and potatoes were mixed with flour to make bread and bread was rationed from 1915

Question 5

Background info

However, a severe w— and bad h— in 1— resulted in even more severe food shortages and food r— occurred.

Answer 5

However, a severe winter and bad harvest in 1916 resulted in even more severe food shortages and food riots occurred.

Question 6

Background info

By 1—, the food shortage was acute; m— consumption was only 1— of pre-war levels and f— consumption was at 5—.

Answer 6

By 1918, the food shortage was acute; meat consumption was only 12% of pre-war levels and fish consumption was at 5%.

Question 7

Background info

S—, d— and h— because of fuel shortages were common in G— by the end of the war

Answer 7

Starvation, disease and hypothermia because of fuel shortages were common in Germany by the end of the war

Question 8

Political consequences

P—, W— had huge and dramatic consequences in G—

Answer 8

Politically, WWI had huge and dramatic consequences in Germany

Question 9

Political consequences

K— W— position began to c— soon after the outbreak of hostilities and by 1— he had been reduced to a f—

Answer 9

Kaiser Wilhelm’s position began to crumble soon after the outbreak of hostilities and by 1916 he had been reduced to a figurehead

Question 10

Political consequences

Also Chancellor B—H— position d— as the stalemate on the W— F— continued – he was forced from office in 1—

Answer 10

Also Chancellor Bethman-Hollweg’s position deteriorated as the stalemate on the Western Front continued – he was forced from office in 1917

Question 11

Political consequences

In A— 1—, after the failure of V—, the German Army was taken over by General L— and Field Marshall von H—

Answer 11

In August 1916, after the failure of Verdun, the German Army was taken over by General Ludendorff and Field Marshall von Hindenburg

Question 12

Political consequences

These 2 men would not only d— Germany’s m— strategy through the rest of the war but would also come to have significant p— power and i— – H— continued to dominate the R— into the 1—

Answer 12

These 2 men would not only dominate Germany’s military strategy through the rest of the war but would also come to have significant political power and influence – Hindenburg continued to dominate the Reichstag into the 1930s

Question 13

Severe Restrictions

Under m— leadership, any hope for p— reform in G— was crushed; restrictions were imposed on the right of a—, very tight controls were placed on T— U— representing workers, striking workers were sent to the f— l— and all anti-war material was b—

Answer 13

Under military leadership, any hope for political reform in Germany was crushed; restrictions were imposed on the right of assembly, very tight controls were placed on Trade Unions representing workers, striking workers were sent to the front lines and all anti-war material was banned

Question 14

Severe Restrictions

In 1— there had been no strikes, in 1— there were 1— workers on strike per m—, in 1— 5— per m— and in 1—, 1— per m—

Answer 14

In 1914 there had been no strikes, in 1915 there were 1000 workers on strike per month, in 1917 50 000 per month and in 1918, 100 000 per month

Question 15

Severe Restrictions

In 1__, the official cost of living had risen by 2—, wages had not kept up with the i— and there was a deterioration in q— and q— of consumer goods; textiles, food, shoes and this led to p— among w—

Answer 15

In 1918, the official cost of living had risen by 200%, wages had not kept up with the increase and there was a deterioration in quality and quantity of consumer goods; textiles, food, shoes and this led to poverty among workers

Question 16

Severe Restrictions

The G— S— P— (SPD), the largest party in the R— had supported the government war effort through to 1—

Answer 16

The German Socialist Party (SPD), the largest party in the Reichstag had supported the government war effort through to 1917

Question 17

Political opposition

April 1— a breakaway Independent S— Democratic Party (USPD) formed and they were totally o— to the war. At the same time the S— League formed and o— the war. The S— wanted to encourage the German people to have a working-class r—

Answer 17

April 1917 a breakaway Independent Social Democratic Party (USPD) formed and they were totally opposed to the war. At the same time the Spartacist League formed and opposed the war. The Spartacists wanted to encourage the German people to have a working-class revolution

Question 18

Political opposition

In J— 1—, 400 000 m— workers went on strike in B— – this threatened to cripple Germany’s a— production. Strikes spread to other cities and over 1 m— were soon on strike

Answer 18

In January 1918, 400 000 munitions workers went on strike in Berlin – this threatened to cripple Germany’s arms production. Strikes spread to other cities and over 1 million were soon on strike

Question 19

Political opposition

The R— passed a P— Resolution to end the war but this was o— by H— and L—, who formed a right wing party – The F— Party, and were military d— ruling Germany

Answer 19

The Reichstag passed a Peace Resolution to end the war but this was opposed by Hindenburg and Ludendorff, who formed a right wing party – The Fatherland Party, and were military dictators ruling Germany

Question 20

Political opposition

Following the failure of L— S— Offensive in July 1— and the German Army’s collapse, L— accepted that Germany had been d—.

Answer 20

Following the failure of Ludendorff’s Spring Offensive in July 1918 and the German Army’s collapse, Ludendorff accepted that Germany had been defeated.

Question 21

Political opposition

President W— of the U— insisted that p— could only be negotiated between d—

Answer 21

President Wilson of the USA insisted that peace could only be negotiated between democracies

Question 22

Political opposition

L— demanded that Germany be transformed into a d— so that the blame for the defeat in W— could be shifted from the military to the p—

Answer 22

Ludendorff demanded that Germany be transformed into a democracy so that the blame for the defeat in WWI could be shifted from the military to the politicians

Question 23

Political opposition

H— and L— did not believe in d— but they blamed the striking workers for the defeat and the p— for signing the p— treaty still to come

Answer 23

Hindenburg and Ludendorff did not believe in democracy but they blamed the striking workers for the defeat and the politicians for signing the peace treaty still to come

Question 24

Political opposition

From that time they would always be able to c— that the army had been “s— in the b—” [dolchstosse] by the S—

Answer 24

From that time they would always be able to claim that the army had been “stabbed in the back” [dolchstosse] by the Socialists

Question 25

# Political opposition This became powerful **p—** for anti-**d—** **r—**-wing parties in **G—**.

Answer 25

This became powerful **propaganda** for anti-**democratic** **right**-wing parties in **Germany**.

Question 26

# Background The **P—** Peace **C—** opened on the 18th January **1—** – just over 2 **m—** after the armistice had been signed

Answer 26

The **Paris** Peace **Conference** opened on the 18th January **1919** – just over 2 **months** after the armistice had been signed

Question 27

# Background The **d—** who attended the conference came together after 4 **y—** of brutal fighting which had exhausted many **E—** nations

Answer 27

The **delegates** who attended the conference came together after 4 **years** of brutal fighting which had exhausted many **European** nations

Question 28

# Background The **c—** was founded on a mixture of **t—** and **o—**; some believed it was a gathering dominated by old **E—** powers, others believed it was a genuine **o—** to mend a broken world

Answer 28

The **conference** was founded on a mixture of **tension** and **optimism**; some believed it was a gathering dominated by old **European** powers, others believed it was a genuine **opportunity** to mend a broken world

Question 29

# location **P—** was chosen as the site for the **c—**, although this was not helpful for **n—**. Paris still had sandbagged buildings because of the expected **a—** by **G—** in **1—**

Answer 29

**Paris** was chosen as the site for the **conference**, although this was not helpful for **negotiations**. Paris still had sandbagged buildings because of the expected **attack** by **Germany** in **1918**

Question 30

# location It gave **C—** the advantage as he was the **p—** of the conference and could dominate proceedings. He spoke **E—** but neither Wilson nor Lloyd George spoke **F—**

Answer 30

It gave **Clemenceau** the advantage as he was the **president** of the conference and could dominate proceedings. He spoke **English** but neither Wilson nor Lloyd George spoke **French**

Question 31

# location 32 **n—** were represented but there were 58 **c—** and **c—**

Answer 31

32 **nations** were represented but there were 58 **committees** and **commissions**

Question 32

# Attendees Both **G—** and **B—** Russia were excluded from **n—**; Germany because it was declared the key **a—** in the war just finished, Russia because the **B—** (Communists) had come to power in a **r—** in October **1—**

Answer 32

Both **Germany** and **Bolshevik** Russia were excluded from **negotiations**; Germany because it was declared the key **aggressor** in the war just finished, Russia because the **Bolsheviks** (Communists) had come to power in a **revolution** in October **1917**

Question 33

# Attendees Most negotiations were conducted by the **C—** of **T—**: two representatives each from **B—**, **F—**, the **U—**, **I—** and **J—**

Answer 33

Most negotiations were conducted by the **Council** of **Ten**: two representatives each from **Britain**, **France**, the **USA**, **Italy** and **Japan**

Question 34

# Attendees The most important **d—** were made by the **C—** of **F—**: President **W—** **W—** (USA), Prime Minister **D—** **L—** **G—** (GB), Prime Minister **G—** **C—** (France) Prime Minister **V—** **O—** (Italy)

Answer 34

The most important **decisions** were made by the **Council** of **Four**: President **Woodrow** **Wilson** (USA), Prime Minister **David** **Lloyd** **George** (GB), Prime Minister **Georges** **Clemenceau** (France) Prime Minister **Vittorio** **Orlando** (Italy)

Question 35

# Attendees In reality, the major **d—** were made by The Big **T—**; **W—**, **L—** **G—** and **C—**

Answer 35

In reality, the major **decisions** were made by The Big **Three**; **Wilson**, **Lloyd** **George** and **Clemenceau**

Question 36

# Attendees The Big Three **l—** had different **a—** and **p—** and difficult **d—** circumstances to manage

Answer 36

The Big Three **leaders** had different **aims** and **priorities** and difficult **domestic** circumstances to manage

Question 37

# Attendees **I—** had been promised **t—** by GB, France and Russia as a condition of entering the war AGAINST **G—** and **A— - H—**, but this wasn’t fulfilled during **n—** and Italy left the **c—**

Answer 37

**Italy** had been promised **territory** by GB, France and Russia as a condition of entering the war AGAINST **Germany** and **A-H**, but this wasn’t fulfilled during **negotiations** and Italy left the **conference**

Question 38

# Attendees **J—** was desperate to have **a—r—** clauses included in the discussions/treaties but this was **o—** by many representatives (including PM Hughes from Australia!). This caused Japan to **r—** the **p—** making process.

Answer 38

**Japan** was desperate to have **anti-racism** clauses included in the discussions/treaties but this was **opposed** by many representatives (including PM Hughes from Australia!). This caused Japan to **resent** the **peace** making process.

Question 39

# The Treaty of Versailles - Germany The Treaty of **V—** (TofV) was written in just 5 **w—** in a hostile and aggressive **a—**. Most of the **4—** provisions had been the focus of bitter **d—**

Answer 39

The Treaty of **Versailles** (TofV) was written in just 5 **weeks** in a hostile and aggressive **atmosphere**. Most of the **400** provisions had been the focus of bitter **disagreement**

Question 40

# The Treaty of Versailles - Germany The **p—** conference was held at the **F—** Palace of **V—** – a glorious building that reflected the magnificence of **F—**, and where the French had been forced to sign a **h—** treaty after their loss in the **F—**-**P—** War in **1—**, meant that it was a site of fierce anti-**G—** sentiment

Answer 40

The **peace** conference was held at the **French** Palace of **Versailles** – a glorious building that reflected the magnificence of **France**, and where the French had been forced to sign a **humiliating** treaty after their loss in the **Franco**-**Prussian** War in **1871**, meant that it was a site of fierce anti-**German** sentiment

Question 41

# The Treaty of Versailles - Germany The TofV was not written in accord with President **W—** **F—** Points – on which was the basis that Germany had signed the armistice in November **1—**

Answer 41

The TofV was not written in accord with President **Wilson’s** **Fourteen** Points – on which was the basis that Germany had signed the armistice in November **1918**

Question 42

# The Treaty of Versailles - Germany The Germans were given 15 **d—** to read through and accept the **T—**; they presented serious **o—** and demanded **m—**

Answer 42

The Germans were given 15 **days** to read through and accept the **Treaty**; they presented serious **objections** and demanded **modifications**

Question 43

# The Treaty of Versailles - Germany At first Germany **r—** to sign, then some small **m—** were made and then Germany was threatened with a renewal of the **f—** if they didn’t sign

Answer 43

At first Germany **refused** to sign, then some small **modifications** were made and then Germany was threatened with a renewal of the **fighting** if they didn’t sign

Question 44

# The Treaty of Versailles - Germany **G—** was **f—** to sign the TofV on 28th June **1—**

Answer 44

**Germany** was **forced** to sign the TofV on 28th June **1919**

Question 45

# The Treaty of Versailles - Germany **G—** claimed it was excessively **h—** [**H—** and **L—** had sent the new politicians (**S—**) to the conference and they had to **s—** it]

Answer 45

**Germany** claimed it was excessively **harsh** [**Hindenburg** and **Ludendorff** had sent the new politicians (**Socialists**) to the conference and they had to **sign** it]

Question 46

# The Treaty of Versailles - Germany For the **A—**, the TofV was a huge **c—** and no country was very **h—** with the outcome. BUT **F—** did have **A—**-**L—** returned and the League of **N—** was potentially a very good organisation to prevent future **w—**

Answer 46

For the **Allies**, the TofV was a huge **compromise** and no country was very **happy** with the outcome. BUT **France** did have **Alsace**-**Lorraine** returned and the League of **Nations** was potentially a very good organisation to prevent future **wars**

Question 47

# Treaty of Versailles – military terms The **G—** Army was reduced to **1—** soldiers

Answer 47

The **German** Army was reduced to **100 000** soldiers

Question 48

# Treaty of Versailles – military terms The **G—** Army was denied the use of **t—** and **h—** artillery. It was forbidden to have an **a—** force or **s—**

Answer 48

The **German** Army was denied the use of **tanks** and **heavy** artillery. It was forbidden to have an **air** force or **submarines**

Question 49

# Treaty of Versailles – military terms Strict **l—** were placed on the size of Germany's **b—** and its naval base in the **N—** Sea was **d—**

Answer 49

Strict **limits** were placed on the size of Germany's **battleships** and its naval base in the **North** Sea was **destroyed**

Question 50

# Treaty of Versailles – military terms The **R—** was **d—** and was to be administered by **A—** military forces for **1—** years

Answer 50

The **Rhineland** was **demilitarised** and was to be administered by **Allied** military forces for **15** years

Question 51

# Reaction by the Germans The honour of the **G—** military was **d—**. A nation which thought it was going to **n—** an honourable **p—** was crippled and **h—**

Answer 51

The honour of the **German** military was **destroyed**. A nation which thought it was going to **negotiate** an honourable **peace** was crippled and **humiliated**

Question 52

# Treaty of Versailles – territorial terms **G—** lost over **1—** sq kms of territory and 7 **m—** people

Answer 52

**Germany** lost over **100 000** sq kms of territory and 7 **million** people

Question 53

# Treaty of Versailles – territorial terms It had to hand back **A—** and **L—** to France and it lost small parcels of land to **B—**, **D—**, **L—**, **P—** and the new country of **C—**

Answer 53

It had to hand back **Alsace** and **Lorraine** to France and it lost small parcels of land to **Belgium**, **Denmark**, **Lithuania**, **Poland** and the new country of **Czechoslovakia**

Question 54

# Treaty of Versailles – territorial terms The **S—** (its main coal mining area) was placed under League of **N—** control for **1—** years but France was given control of the **c—** mines

Answer 54

The **Saar** (its main coal mining area) was placed under League of **Nations** control for **15** years but France was given control of the **coal** mines

Question 55

# Treaty of Versailles – territorial terms **U—** with **A—** (the Anschluss) was forbidden. **G—** lost ALL of its overseas **c—**

Answer 55

**Union** with **Austria** (the Anschluss) was forbidden. **Germany** lost ALL of its overseas **colonies**

Question 56

# Reaction by the Germans The loss of the **c—** mines made it almost impossible to pay the massive **r—** bill imposed by the Treaty of **V—**

Answer 56

The loss of the **coal** mines made it almost impossible to pay the massive **reparations** bill imposed by the Treaty of **Versailles**

Question 57

# Reaction by the Germans Strong **r—** created by the imposition of the **A—**

Answer 57

Strong **resentment** created by the imposition of the **Anschluss**

Question 58

# Treaty of Versailles – economic terms Clause **2—** placed full **r—** for the war on **G—** and its allies. This then provided the justification for the massive **r—** bill. It took 3 **y—** for the amount to be determined but in **1—** the allies agreed it would be 6.6 **b—** pounds (about $40 million)

Answer 58

Clause **231** placed full **responsibility** for the war on **Germany** and its allies. This then provided the justification for the massive **reparations** bill. It took 3 **years** for the amount to be determined but in **1921** the allies agreed it would be 6.6 **billion** pounds (about $40 million)

Question 59

# Treaty of Versailles – economic terms **B—** and **F—** received German **m—** and **i—**

Answer 59

**Belgium** and **France** received German **machinery** and **infrastructure**

Question 60

# Treaty of Versailles – economic terms **F—** would be given 8 **m—** tons of German **c—** and **t—** each year.

Answer 60

**France** would be given 8 **million** tons of German **coal** and **timber** each year.

Question 61

# Reaction by the Germans The **G—** believed they had been forced to sign a **d—** – a dictated peace, which made them admit that they were solely **r—** for causing **W—**

Answer 61

The **Germans** believed they had been forced to sign a **diktat** – a dictated peace, which made them admit that they were solely **responsible** for causing **WWI**

Question 62

# Introduction There were **f—** separate **p—** treaties written and finalised at the **P—** Peace **C—**. The main one the Treaty of **V—** was with **G—**

Answer 62

There were **five** separate **peace** treaties written and finalised at the **Paris** Peace **Conference**. The main one the Treaty of **Versailles** was with **Germany**

Question 63

# Introduction The principle of **s—**-**d—** – one of Pres **W—** 14 **P—** (for peace) was one of the key **o—**

Answer 63

The principle of **self**-**determination** – one of Pres **Wilson’s** 14 **Points** (for peace) was one of the key **objectives**

Question 64

# The Treaty of Saint – Germain signed with Austria on 19th September 1919 **A—‚** was required to give up **t—** to **P—**, **I—** and **C—**

Answer 64

**Austria** was required to give up **territory** to **Poland**, **Italy** and **Czechoslovakia**

Question 65

# The Treaty of Saint – Germain signed with Austria on 19th September 1919 The **A—** Army was restricted to **3—** soldiers

Answer 65

The **Austrian** Army was restricted to **30 000** soldiers

Question 66

# The Treaty of Saint – Germain signed with Austria on 19th September 1919 **A—** also would pay a large amount of **r—** but the Austrian **e—** collapsed immediately after **W—** and it was unable to make any **f—** contributions

Answer 66

**Austria** also would pay a large amount of **reparations** but the Austrian **economy** collapsed immediately after **WWI** and it was unable to make any **financial** contributions

Question 67

# The Treaty of Neuilly signed with Bulgaria on 27th November 1919 **B—** had to give up **t—** to **G—**

Answer 67

**Bulgaria** had to give up **territory** to **Greece**

Question 68

# The Treaty of Neuilly signed with Bulgaria on 27th November 1919 The **B—** Army was restricted to **2—** and the Border Guard was limited to **3—**. It lost all its **a—** and **n—** fleet

Answer 68

The **Bulgarian** Army was restricted to **20 000** and the Border Guard was limited to **3000**. It lost all its **aircraft** and **navy** fleet

Question 69

# The Treaty of Neuilly signed with Bulgaria on 27th November 1919 **B—** was required to pay 100 **m—** pounds in **r—** but this was reduced in **1—** and cancelled in **1—**

Answer 69

**Bulgaria** was required to pay 100 **million** pounds in **reparations** but this was reduced in **1923** and cancelled in **1932**

Question 70

# The Treaty of Trianon signed with Hungary on 4th June 1920 **H—** lost almost two-thirds of its **t—** which amounted to about **7—** of its pre-war population and much of its important **e—** resources; timber, coal and iron industries. The **t—** was lost to **R—** and **Y—**

Answer 70

**Hungary** lost almost two-thirds of its **territory** which amounted to about **70%** of its pre-war population and much of its important **economic** resources; timber, coal and iron industries. The **territory** was lost to **Romania** and **Yugoslavia**

Question 71

# The Treaty of Trianon signed with Hungary on 4th June 1920 The **H—** Army was reduced to **3—** soldiers and limitations were placed on **w—**

Answer 71

The **Hungarian** Army was reduced to **35 000** soldiers and limitations were placed on **weaponry**

Question 72

# The Treaty of Trianon signed with Hungary on 4th June 1920 The initial plan was for **H—** to pay reparations but **e—** instability meant it only ever handed over a **s—** amount

Answer 72

The initial plan was for **Hungary** to pay reparations but **economic** instability meant it only ever handed over a **small** amount

Question 73

# The Treaty of Sevres signed with the Ottoman Empire on 10th August 1920 The treaty formalised the break up of the old **O—** Empire. Territory was handed over to **G—**. Turkey’s empire in the **M—** East and North **A—** was transferred to **F—** and **B—** as LofN mandates. These territorial losses amounted to about two-thirds of the **e—**

Answer 73

The treaty formalised the break up of the old **Ottoman** Empire. Territory was handed over to **Greece**. Turkey’s empire in the **Middle** East and North **Africa** was transferred to **France** and **Britain** as LofN mandates. These territorial losses amounted to about two-thirds of the **empire**

Question 74

# The Treaty of Sevres signed with the Ottoman Empire on 10th August 1920 The **T—** Army was restricted to **5—** soldiers, its navy restricted to **1—** ships. The **D—** became an **i—** maritime zone

Answer 74

The **Turkish** Army was restricted to **50 000** soldiers, its navy restricted to **13** ships. The **Dardanelles** became an **international** maritime zone

Question 75

# The Treaty of Sevres signed with the Ottoman Empire on 10th August 1920 The **a—** controlled **T—** finances and banned economic cooperation with **G—**, **A—**, **H—** and **B—**

Answer 75

The **allies** controlled **Turkey’s** finances and banned economic cooperation with **Germany**, **Austria**, **Hungary** and **Bulgaria**

Question 76

# The Treaty of Lausanne signed with Turkey in July 1923 The Treaty of **S—** was annulled when **N—** overthrew the **O—** Sultan in November **1—** and was replaced by the Treaty of **L—** – with the newly created the Republic of **T—**

Answer 76

The Treaty of **Sevres** was annulled when **Nationalist** overthrew the **Ottoman** Sultan in November **1922** and was replaced by the Treaty of **Lausanne** – with the newly created the Republic of **Turkey**

Question 77

# The Treaty of Lausanne signed with Turkey in July 1923 The new treaty removed most of the **r—** on the size of the **a—** and cancelled the **r—** required by the Treaty of **S—**

Answer 77

The new treaty removed most of the **restrictions** on the size of the **army** and cancelled the **reparations** required by the Treaty of **Sevres**

Question 78

# The Treaty of Lausanne signed with Turkey in July 1923 The original intention was for the **O—** Empire to pay **r—** but these were limited because of the loss of **t—**. Reparations were abandoned under **L—**

Answer 78

The original intention was for the **Ottoman** Empire to pay **reparations** but these were limited because of the loss of **territory**. Reparations were abandoned under **Lausanne**

Question 79

# The consequences of the peace treaties The end of old **e—** Major **t—** changes **M—** limitations **F—** difficulties

Answer 79

The end of old **empires** Major **territorial** changes **Military** limitations **Financial** difficulties

Question 80

# The consequences of the peace treaties Massive **r—** Establishment of the **L—** of **N—** The hope of the rise of liberal **d—**

Answer 80

Massive **resentment** Establishment of the **League** of **Nations** The hope of the rise of liberal **democracy**

Question 81

# The end of old empires The peace treaties contributed to the end of 4 of **E—** old **e—**. The Russian **R—** Empire had collapsed in October **1—**

Answer 81

The peace treaties contributed to the end of 4 of **Europe’s** old **empires**. The Russian **Romanov** Empire had collapsed in October **1917**

Question 82

# The end of old empires The German **H—** Empire, the Austro-Hungarian **H—** Empire and **O—** Empire **d—**. In their place came many new countries: **F—**, **E—**, **L—**, **L—**, **P—**, **C—** and **Y—**

Answer 82

The German **Hohenzollern** Empire, the Austro-Hungarian **Hapsburg** Empire and **Ottoman** Empire **disappeared**. In their place came many new countries: **Finland**, **Estonia**, **Latvia**, **Lithuania**, **Poland**, **Czechoslovakia** and **Yugoslavia**

Question 83

# The end of old empires The treaties benefitted the **B—** and **F—** Empires which became bigger and gave them more **r—**

Answer 83

The treaties benefitted the **British** and **French** Empires which became bigger and gave them more **resources**

Question 84

# Territorial changes The **t—** had far-reaching **t—** consequences. The new nations had their own aspirations and created new **a—**

Answer 84

The **treaties** had far-reaching **territorial** consequences. The new nations had their own aspirations and created new **alliances**

Question 85

# Territorial changes Although the principle of **s—-d—** was supposed to have been applied, the new national **b—** separated some **e—** groups which caused later problems

Answer 85

Although the principle of **self-determination** was supposed to have been applied, the new national **borders** separated some **ethnic** groups which caused later problems

Question 86

# Territorial changes **G—** was much smaller and cut in 2 with the **P—** Corridor which cut off East **P—**

Answer 86

**Germany** was much smaller and cut in 2 with the **Polish** Corridor which cut off East **Prussia**

Question 87

# Territorial changes **I—** and **J—** believed they had NOT received the **t—** promised even though they were on the ‘**w—**’ side of WWI

Answer 87

**Italy** and **Japan** believed they had NOT received the **territory** promised even though they were on the ‘**winning**’ side of WWI

Question 88

# Military limitations These were imposed in the **b—** that wide scale **d—** would prevent to outbreak of future **w—**

Answer 88

These were imposed in the **belief** that wide scale **disarmament** would prevent to outbreak of future **wars**

Question 89

# Military limitations While the **d—** nations had **d—** forced on them, the principle was not applied **e—** and conferences on the topic in the **1—** and **3—** got bogged down in **d—** and **d—**

Answer 89

While the **defeated** nations had **disarmament** forced on them, the principle was not applied **equally** and conferences on the topic in the **1920s** and **30s** got bogged down in **definitions** and **disagreements**

Question 90

# Financial Difficulties Most of the **t—** imposed after WWI involved some form of **r—** on the **d—** nations

Answer 90

Most of the **treaties** imposed after WWI involved some form of **reparations** on the **defeated** nations

Question 91

# Financial Difficulties **R—** were a complex issue and became the point of serious **d—** over the next 10 – 15 **y—** and they were used by **p—** organisations later to gain **p—**.

Answer 91

**Reparations** were a complex issue and became the point of serious **debate** over the next 10 – 15 **years** and they were used by **political** organisations later to gain **popularity**.

Question 92

# Financial Difficulties As a result of **W—**, most nations were heavily **i—** but the US **e—** had grown and it became the **w—** nation

Answer 92

As a result of **WWI**, most nations were heavily **indebted** but the US **economy** had grown and it became the **wealthiest** nation

Question 93

# Resentment The peace treaties fostered **r—** in all the **d—** nations and left a strong desire for them to be **o—**

Answer 93

The peace treaties fostered **resentment** in all the **defeated** nations and left a strong desire for them to be **overturned**

Question 94

# Resentment In **G—**, the TofV was widely regarded as a national **h—** and became a major rallying point for German **n—** in the **1—** and **3—**

Answer 94

In **Germany**, the TofV was widely regarded as a national **humiliation** and became a major rallying point for German **nationalists** in the **1920s** and **30s**

Question 95

# Resentment Resentment in **I—** was created when the country did not receive the promised **t—** by the **a—** which was why it had switched sides in **W—**

Answer 95

Resentment in **Italy** was created when the country did not receive the promised **territory** by the **allies** which was why it had switched sides in **WWI**

Question 96

# Resentment **J—** was frustrated by the outcome of the **P—** Conference and Japanese **n—** resented the dominance of **B—**, **F—** and the **U—**

Answer 96

**Japan** was frustrated by the outcome of the **Peace** Conference and Japanese **nationalists** resented the dominance of **Br**, **Fr** and the **USA**

Question 97

# The establishment of the League of Nations - 1920 In January **1—** Pres **W—** advocated a new set of **p—** to ensure world peace. They were set out in a speech to the US **C—** on 8th January **1—** and included the creation of an **o—** for this specific task

Answer 97

In January **1918** Pres **Wilson** advocated a new set of **principles** to ensure world peace. They were set out in a speech to the US **Congress** on 8th January **1918** and included the creation of an **organisation** for this specific task

Question 98

# The establishment of the League of Nations - 1920 Formal discussions about the structure of the **L—** of **N—** began at the **P—** Peace Conference and the ideas were refined and then approved on 28th April **1—**. Many compromises had been made to achieve this end – and the **U—** never became a **m—**!

Answer 98

Formal discussions about the structure of the **League** of **Nations** began at the **Paris** Peace Conference and the ideas were refined and then approved on 28th April **1919**. Many compromises had been made to achieve this end – and the **USA** never became a **member**!

Question 99

# The League of Nations This was the key element of the **p—** conference promoted by Pres. **W—**. It was included in the Treaty of **V—**, which was signed on 28th June **1—**

Answer 99

This was the key element of the **peace** conference promoted by Pres. **Wilson**. It was included in the Treaty of **Versailles**, which was signed on 28th June **1919**

Question 100

# The League of Nations The LofN officially began operations on 16th January **1—** – underpinned by the high ideals of collective **s—** and the prevention of future **w—**

Answer 100

The LofN officially began operations on 16th January **1920** – underpinned by the high ideals of collective **security** and the prevention of future **wars**

Question 101

# The League of Nations HOWEVER, **G—** was not admitted as a member despite repeated **r—**. Its membership fluctuated a lot in its **2—** years of existence.

Answer 101

HOWEVER, **Germany** was not admitted as a member despite repeated **requests**. Its membership fluctuated a lot in its **20** years of existence.

Question 102

# The hope of the rise of liberal democracy Breaking apart the old **e—** and establishing new **n—** also helped to increase the influence of liberal **d—** – especially in **w—** and **c—** Europe

Answer 102

Breaking apart the old **empires** and establishing new **nations** also helped to increase the influence of liberal **democracy** – especially in **western** and **central** Europe

Question 103

# The hope of the rise of liberal democracy Once the treaties had been signed, **E—** appeared to be a stronghold of liberal **d—** although this would prove to be very **f—**, for a range of reasons, through the **1—** and **3—**.

Answer 103

Once the treaties had been signed, **Europe** appeared to be a stronghold of liberal **democracy** although this would prove to be very **fragile**, for a range of reasons, through the **1920s** and **30s**.

Question 104

# The conditions that enabled dictators to rise to power The liberal **d—** in **B—**, **F—** and the **U—** were the victors in WWI – there were expectations that this would be the preferred model for **g—** after the **w—**

Answer 104

The liberal **democracies** in **Britain**, **France** and the **USA** were the victors in WWI – there were expectations that this would be the preferred model for **governments** after the **war**

Question 105

# The conditions that enabled dictators to rise to power Instead, **1—** to **1—** saw the rise of **a—** regimes (dictatorships) throughout **E—** and **J—** at this time

Answer 105

Instead, **1919** to **1939** saw the rise of **authoritarian** regimes (dictatorships) throughout **Europe** and **Japan** at this time

Question 106

# Pre-war developments A long period of **e—** change since the **I—** Revolution had resulted in **p—** and **s—** change, or, contributed to the demands for **c—**

Answer 106

A long period of **economic** change since the **Industrial** Revolution had resulted in **political** and **social** change, or, contributed to the demands for **change**

Question 107

# Pre-war developments This **m—** was **e—** by many but regarded with **f—** and **s—** by others

Answer 107

This **modernisation** was **embraced** by many but regarded with **fear** and **suspicion** by others

Question 108

# Pre-war developments A key feature was that more of the **p—** became engaged with **p—**, and mass **c—** through cheap **n—** allowed **p—** to spread their **m—** easily

Answer 108

A key feature was that more of the **population** became engaged with **politics**, and mass **communication** through cheap **newspapers** allowed **politicians** to spread their **message** easily

Question 109

# The main conditions that allowed dictators to emerge **N—** and **n—** **W—** The **r—** of the peace **t—** **E—** crises The failure of the **l—** of **N—** The end of **a—** rule/fragility of **d—**

Answer 109

**Nations** and **nationalism** **WWI** The **resentment** of the peace **treaties** **Economic** crises The failure of the **league** of **Nations** The end of **authoritarian** rule/fragility of **democracy**

Question 110

# Nations and nationalism As **s—** and **t—** became more popular, people looked to traditions other than the **c—** to form their **i—**

Answer 110

As **science** and **technology** became more popular, people looked to traditions other than the **church** to form their **identity**

Question 111

# Nations and nationalism **N—** was a powerful idea for this and distinct **e—**, **l—** and **c—** groups wanted the right to form their own **n—** with strong national **p—** – governments could use this to **b—** people together

Answer 111

**Nationalism** was a powerful idea for this and distinct **ethnic**, **linguistic** and **cultural** groups wanted the right to form their own **nations** with strong national **pride** – governments could use this to **bind** people together

Question 112

# Nations and nationalism This was an important theme of the interwar **d—**: **I—**, **G—** and **J—** promoted the rights of their **n—** above others and justified decisions as their **n—** right

Answer 112

This was an important theme of the interwar **dictatorships**: **Italy**, **Germany** and **Japan** promoted the rights of their **nation** above others and justified decisions as their **national** right

Question 113

# World War I A highly **s—** event that set up the conditions that enabled the **d—** to rise in the **1—** and **3—** was **W—**

Answer 113

A highly **significant** event that set up the conditions that enabled the **dictators** to rise in the **1920s** and **30s** was **WWI**

Question 114

# World War I 11 **m—** had died, 20 **m—** were **w—**, war brutalised the soldiers who survived and they celebrated **v—** and glorified **w—**. Many didn’t adjust to **c—** life, especially when there was **p—** confusion and **e—** hardship

Answer 114

11 **million** had died, 20 **million** were **wounded**, war brutalised the soldiers who survived and they celebrated **violence** and glorified **war**. Many didn’t adjust to **civilian** life, especially when there was **political** confusion and **economic** hardship

Question 115

# World War I The general **p—** had become used to **g—** control during the war and this established a clear example that **s—** govs were more **e—**

Answer 115

The general **population** had become used to **government** control during the war and this established a clear example that **strong** govs were more **efficient**

Question 116

# Resentment of the peace treaties The peace **t—** that ended **W—** were generally **u—** and many **p—** leaders and movements quickly began to use this dissatisfaction to boost their own personal **p—** and **p—** agenda

Answer 116

The peace **treaties** that ended **WWI** were generally **unpopular** and many **political** leaders and movements quickly began to use this dissatisfaction to boost their own personal **popularity** and **political** agenda

Question 117

# Resentment of the peace treaties In **I—**, **G—** and **J—**, some **p—** publicly criticised the **t—** and attacked the **c—** that produced them

Answer 117

In **Italy**, **Germany** and **Japan**, some **politicians** publicly criticised the **treaties** and attacked the **countries** that produced them

Question 118

# Resentment of the peace treaties The intention of **p—** to revise the treaties became an important part of **p—** movements in their rise to **p—** after **W—**

Answer 118

The intention of **politicians** to revise the treaties became an important part of **political** movements in their rise to **power** after **WWI**

Question 119

# Economic crises WWI disrupted world **t—**, indebted **E—** nations to the **U—**, and the **r—** imposed on **G—** by the TofV created an ongoing grievance that became a **r—** point for German **n—**

Answer 119

WWI disrupted world **trade**, indebted **European** nations to the **USA**, and the **reparations** imposed on **Germany** by the TofV created an ongoing grievance that became a **rallying** point for German **nationalists**

Question 120

# Economic crises Major **e—** crises occurred during the **1—** and **3—** and these strongly contributed to the rise of **d—**

Answer 120

Major **economic** crises occurred during the **1920s** and **30s** and these strongly contributed to the rise of **dictatorships**

Question 121

# Economic crises In **1—**, the **W—** Street **C—** in the **U—** started the **G—** **D—** which caused **e—** hardship around the **w—** – **H—** popularity dramatically increased after this and enabled him to come to power in **1—**

Answer 121

In **1929**, the **Wall** Street **Crash** in the **USA** started the **Great** **Depression** which caused **economic** hardship around the **world** – **Hitler’s** popularity dramatically increased after this and enabled him to come to power in **1933**

Question 122

# Failure of the League of Nations Although it was created with **o—** and a strong belief in **i—**, the **L—** failed to stop the aggressive **e—** nature of **d—** regimes in the **1—**

Answer 122

Although it was created with **optimism** and a strong belief in **internationalism**, the **LofN** failed to stop the aggressive **expansionist** nature of **dictatorial** regimes in the **1930s**

Question 123

# Failure of the League of Nations The **L—** could not defend the flawed **p—** settlements or act in any effective way against the aggressive **n—** of **J—**, **I—** and **G—** and this allowed the **d—** to consolidate their **p—** and **p—** at home

Answer 123

The **LofN** could not defend the flawed **peace** settlements or act in any effective way against the aggressive **nationalism** of **Japan**, **Italy** and **Germany** and this allowed the **dictators** to consolidate their **power** and **popularity** at home

Question 124

# The end of autocratic rule/fragility of democracy **A—** rulers in **E—** through the **1—** and early **2—** centuries had kept tight **c—** over their subject **p—** and brutally crushed tensions in **s—**. When the old **e—** of **E—** collapsed these tensions re-emerged and were left **u—**

Answer 124

**Autocratic** rulers in **Europe** through the **19th** and early **20th** centuries had kept tight **control** over their subject **populations** and brutally crushed tensions in **society**. When the old **empires** of **Europe** collapsed these tensions re-emerged and were left **unchecked**

Question 125

# The end of autocratic rule/fragility of democracy The new liberal **d—** did not have firm **r—** and the processes of **d—** were poorly **d—**. Often, no **p—** ever gained a **m—** and **c—** governments were **u—**

Answer 125

The new liberal **democracies** did not have firm **roots** and the processes of **democracy** were poorly **developed**. Often, no **party** ever gained a **majority** and **coalition** governments were **unstable**

Question 126

# Conclusion When a strong, commanding **l—** of a united **p—** emerged, promising **s—** solutions to complex **p—**, using peoples’ **f—** and **i—**, they immediately had an **i—**, they gained widespread **p—** and they rose to **p—**.

Answer 126

When a strong, commanding **leader** of a united **party** emerged, promising **simple** solutions to complex **problems**, using peoples’ **fears** and **insecurities**, they immediately had an **impact**, they gained widespread **popularity** and they rose to **power**.

Question 127

# The dictator and background Name: **B—** **M—** Background: originally a **S—** (leftwing), fought for **I—** in **W—**, was **w—**

Answer 127

Name: **Benito** **Mussolini** Background: originally a **Socialist** (leftwing), fought for **Italy** in **WWI**, was **wounded**

Question 128

# The dictator and background **I—** after **W—**: a chaotic **p—** situation and liberal **d—** parties couldn’t form a stable **g—**, **s—** problems; **u—**, **i—**, division of **c—** (upper and lower), declining **l—** standards for **w—** and **m—** class

Answer 128

**Italy** after **WWI**: a chaotic **political** situation and liberal **democratic** parties couldn’t form a stable **government**, **social** problems; **unemployment**, **inflation**, division of **classes** (upper and lower), declining **living** standards for **working** and **middle** class

Question 129

# The dictator and background **M—** response: adopted **r—** wing views, formed the **F—** Party in **1—** which combined all **r—** wing groups, developed a **m—** of ex-servicemen – the **B—** – main job to **i—** **F—** opponents.

Answer 129

**Mussolini’s** response: adopted **right** wing views, formed the **Fascist** Party in **1919** which combined all **right** wing groups, developed a **militia** of ex-servicemen – the **Blackshirts** – main job to **intimidate** **Fascist** opponents.

Question 130

# The dictator and background **M—** personal qualities: gifted **o—**, had great **p—** and used this to **p—** himself as a **m—** of **v—** and **a—**, **s—** and **h—** and **d—**

Answer 130

**Mussolini’s** personal qualities: gifted **orator**, had great **presence** and used this to **project** himself as a **man** of **vision** and **action**, **strong** and **healthy** and **decisive**

Question 131

# The dictator and background He developed a **C—** of **P—** which he used to great effect; loved and used **m—** attention to create an **i—** of someone who was **m—**, hard **w—** and able to take **I—** to greatness.

Answer 131

He developed a **Cult** of **Personality** which he used to great effect; loved and used **media** attention to create an **image** of someone who was **multi-talented**, hard **working** and able to take **Italy** to greatness.

Question 132

# The dictator and background He drew a lot on the **i—** of the Ancient **R—** Empire – symbols like the **f—** (bundles of **r—** Roman b used to carry to indicate their **a—**), terms like **l—**, **c—**

Answer 132

He drew a lot on the **images/ideas** of the Ancient **Roman** Empire – symbols like the **fasces** (bundles of **rods** Roman b used to carry to indicate their **authority**), terms like **legions**, **centurions**

Question 133

# The dictator and background His Title: **I—** **D—** del **F—** e **F—** dell’**I—** [The **l—** and **f—** of the **e—**]

Answer 133

His Title: **Il** **Duce** del **Fascismo** e **Fondatore** dell’**Impero** [The **leader** and **founder** of the **empire**]

Question 134

# Rise to Prominence In **1—** **M—** was appointed **P—** **M—** by **K—** **V—** **E—** III and supported by the **a—**, big **b—** and conservative **C—** because he was anti-**c—**

Answer 134

In **1922** **Mussolini** was appointed **Prime** **Minister** by **King** **Victor** **Emmanuel** III and supported by the **army**, big **business** and conservative **Catholics** because he was anti-**communist**

Question 135

# Rise to Prominence BUT, had to share **p—** with other **p—** (only 4 of 14 **m—** were **F—**). The Party was **d—** and had many **d—**. **M—** gradually extended his personal **p—** and power over the **p—** system

Answer 135

BUT, had to share **power** with other **parties** (only 4 of 14 **ministers** were **Fascists**). The Party was **disorganised** and had many **disagreements**. **Mussolini** gradually extended his personal **power** and power over the **political** system

Question 136

# Rise to Prominence He consolidated his **p—** after **1—** [the **M—** Affair] when he took responsibility for a **m—** of a **S—** committed by **F—**, this presented him as **r—**, **o—** and **s—** – his reputation quickly **r—**

Answer 136

He consolidated his **power** after **1924** [the **Matteoti** Affair] when he took responsibility for a **murder** of a **Socialist** committed by **Fascists**, this presented him as **responsible**, **organised** and **strong** – his reputation quickly **recovered**

Question 137

# Idealogy The belief in a **s—** and **p—** **s—** under one **p—** party (**t—**) where the **l—** was **d—** and **a—**

Answer 137

The belief in a **strong** and **powerful** **state** under one **political** party (**totalitarianism**) where the **leader** was **decisive** and **active**

Question 138

# Idealogy The needs of the **i—** citizen were NOT **i—** – only the needs of the **s—** counted, individual **l—** and **d—** principles were NOT **r—**

Answer 138

The needs of the **individual** citizen were NOT **important** – only the needs of the **state** counted, individual **liberty** and **democratic** principles were NOT **respected**

Question 139

# Idealogy **F—** was anti – **s—** and **c—**

Answer 139

**Fascism** was anti – **socialism** and **communism**

Question 140

# Idealogy It placed GREAT **e—** on **N—** – **I—** greatness would be restored and this would include **t—** expansion (but did not include **r—** attitudes to start with). It used **I—** resentment about the **1—** **P—** Settlement to build this.

Answer 140

It placed GREAT **emphasis** on **NATIONALISM** – **Italian** greatness would be restored and this would include **territorial** expansion (but did not include **racial** attitudes to start with). It used **Italian** resentment about the **1919** **Peace** Settlement to build this.

Question 141

# The economy **M—** attempted to reshape the Italian **e—** but was never in complete **c—** of it. [e.g. the **F—** did NOT take over **i—** and **a—**] There was NO overall **e—** plan

Answer 141

**Mussolini** attempted to reshape the Italian **economy** but was never in complete **control** of it. [e.g. the **Fascists** did NOT take over **industry** and **agriculture**] There was NO overall **economic** plan

Question 142

# The economy The **F—** tried to organised the **e—** as a third alternative between **c—** and **c—**. It proposed the ‘**c—** state’ where **e—** and **e—** worked together under new **r—**

Answer 142

The **Fascists** tried to organised the **economy** as a third alternative between **communism** and **capitalism**. It proposed the ‘**corporate** state’ where **employees** and **employers** worked together under new **rules**

Question 143

# The economy **M—** initiated **p—** projects to fit with his message of national **r—**; **e—** of Ancient **R—** sites (Pompeii), draining **s—** for **f—** land, constructing a grand **a—** for **p—** – these employed **1—** of people

Answer 143

**Mussolini** initiated **prestige** projects to fit with his message of national **rebirth**; **excavation** of Ancient **Roman** sites (Pompeii), draining **swamps** for **farming** land, constructing a grand **avenue** for **parades** – these employed **1000s** of people

Question 144

# CONTROL: propaganda, censorship and terror **M—** established a **P—** **D—** in **1—**; it used **p—**, **p—**, school **t—**, **m—**, **r—** programmes and public **e—**

Answer 144

**Mussolini** established a **Propaganda** **Department** in **1934**; it used **posters**, **photographs**, school **textbooks**, **magazines**, **radio** programmes and public **events**

Question 145

# CONTROL: propaganda, censorship and terror It emphasised national **u—** and **s—** as well as the benefits of **F—** rule and values (the **f—**)

Answer 145

It emphasised national **unity** and **strength** as well as the benefits of **Fascist** rule and values (the **family**)

Question 146

# CONTROL: propaganda, censorship and terror BUT it was limited by **I—** poor **m—** network. Very few Italian **c—** had a **r—**. From **1—** the Fascist **R—** Bari **b—** into North **A—** and the **M—** East

Answer 146

BUT it was limited by **Italy’s** poor **media** network. Very few Italian **citizens** had a **radio**. From **1932** the Fascist **Radio** Bari **broadcast** into North **Africa** and the **Middle** East

Question 147

# CONTROL: propaganda, censorship and terror There was less **c—** of **m—** and **a—** in **I—** compared to other **d—** **I—** travellers still visited Italy in the **1—** and **3—**

Answer 147

There was less **censorship** of **media** and **artists** in **Italy** compared to other **dictatorships** **International** travellers still visited Italy in the **1920s** and **30s**

Question 148

# CONTROL: propaganda, censorship and terror **M—** had a background in **j—** so he used it to promote **h—** by providing **n—** with **a—** and daily **b—**

Answer 148

**Mussolini** had a background in **journalism** so he used it to promote **himself** by providing **newspapers** with **articles** and daily **briefings**

Question 149

# CONTROL: propaganda, censorship and terror As time went on **c—** tightened and all **j—** had to **r—** with the **F—** and were **m—**

Answer 149

As time went on **censorship** tightened and all **journalists** had to **register** with the **Fascists** and were **monitored**

Question 150

# CONTROL: propaganda, censorship and terror **M—** used **t—** to eliminate **o—** (USE the **B—**) BUT his **r—** was less **v—** than other **d—**

Answer 150

**Mussolini** used **terror** to eliminate **opposition** (USE the **Blackshirts**) BUT his **rule** was less **violent** than other **dictatorships**

Question 151

# CONTROL: propaganda, censorship and terror He set up a **S—** **P—** force in **1—** called **O—** – it was very active in **I—** but it didn’t carry out mass **a—** or **e—** (for the whole of his rule estimates suggest only **5—** people were sentenced for political **c—**, no **c—** camps

Answer 151

He set up a **Secret** **Police** force in **1926** called **OVRA** – it was very active in **Italy** but it didn’t carry out mass **arrests** or **executions** (for the whole of his rule estimates suggest only **5000** people were sentenced for political **crimes**, no **concentration** camps

Question 152

# CONTROL: propaganda, censorship and terror **M—** was not anti – **S—** (Jewish) to start with but from **1—** he introduced **r—** laws to restrict the activities of Italian **J—** (many left the country) The laws were not **p—** with **I—**

Answer 152

**Mussolini** was not anti – **Semitic** (Jewish) to start with but from **1938** he introduced **racial** laws to restrict the activities of Italian **Jews** (many left the country) The laws were not **popular** with **Italians**

Question 153

# Society and Culture Although **M—** claimed he wanted to create a ‘new **F—** man’ in many areas his **p—** were quite **c—**. **W—** were expected to have lots of **b—**.

Answer 153

Although **Mussolini** claimed he wanted to create a ‘new **Fascist** man’ in many areas his **policies** were quite **conservative**. **Women** were expected to have lots of **babies**.

Question 154

# Society and Culture He created the **O—** in **1—** to organise and promote a range of **s—** and **c—** activities to involve the entire **p—** and unite the **p—**; activities related to **s—**, **w—**, **r—** and **l—** services were introduced – about **2—** million people participated. [Italy won the **s—** **W—** **C—** in **1—** and **1—**!]

Answer 154

He created the **OND** in **1925** to organise and promote a range of **social** and **cultural** activities to involve the entire **population** and unite the **people**; activities related to **sport**, **work**, **recreation** and **library** services were introduced – about **20** million people participated. [Italy won the **soccer** **World** **Cup** in **1934** and **1938**!]

Question 155

# Foreign Policy Under **M—** , **I—** pursued an **e—** foreign policy which was a **l—** aim of the **F—** and an expression of the **i—**

Answer 155

Under **Mussolini** , **Italy** pursued an **expansionist** foreign policy which was a **longstanding** aim of the **Fascists** and an expression of the **ideology**

Question 156

# Foreign Policy **M—** wanted to ‘**r—**’ the **p—** and **p—** of **I—** and build an **e—** surrounding the **M—** Sea. His focus was on North **A—**, which he considered to be part of Italy’s **S—** **V—** (living space)

Answer 156

**Mussolini** wanted to ‘**restore**’ the **power** and **prestige** of **Italy** and build an **empire** surrounding the **Mediterranean** Sea. His focus was on North **Africa**, which he considered to be part of Italy’s **Spazio** **Vitale** (living space)

Question 157

# Foreign Policy Again this fed into the **r—** he and other **I—** felt about not receiving the promised **t—** after **W—** from the **p—**

Answer 157

Again this fed into the **resentment** he and other **Italians** felt about not receiving the promised **territory** after **WWI** from the **peacemakers**

Question 158

# Foreign Policy **E—** was also used to revive **F—** which had stagnated in the mid **3—**

Answer 158

**Expansion** was also used to revive **Fascism** which had stagnated in the mid **30s**

Question 159

# Foreign Policy The **i—** of **E—**(**A—**) in **O—** **1—**

Answer 159

The **invasion** of **Ethiopia**(**Abyssinia**) in **October** **1935**

Question 160

# Foreign Policy Involvement in the **S—** **C—** War (on **r—**-wing **n—**, **F—** side) **1—** – **1-**

Answer 160

Involvement in the **Spanish** **Civil** War (on **right**-wing **nationalist**, **Franco’s** side) **1936** – **1939**

Question 161

# Foreign Policy **I—** withdrawed from the **L—** of **N—** in **1—** Growing **f—** with Nazi **G—** in the **1—**; **M—** **1—** Pact of **S—**, **S—** **1—** – with **G—** and **J—** – the **T—** Pact

Answer 161

**Italy** withdrawed from the **League** of **Nations** in **1937** Growing **friendship** with Nazi **Germany** in the **1930s**; **May** **1939** Pact of **Steel**, **September** **1940** – with **Germany** and **Japan** – the **Tripartite** Pact

Question 162

# Foreign Policy **I—** joined **G—** in **W—** in **J—** **1—**

Answer 162

**Italy** joined **Germany** in **WW2** in **June** **1940**

Question 163

# The question of a ‘dictatorship’ in Japan A difficulty in comparing what happened in **I—**, **R—** and **J—** in the inter-war period is that some **h—** question whether the **J—** regime of the **1—** should be called a **d—**.

Answer 163

A difficulty in comparing what happened in **Italy**, **Russia** and **Japan** in the inter-war period is that some **historians** question whether the **Japanese** regime of the **1930s** should be called a **dictatorship**.

Question 164

# The question of a ‘dictatorship’ in Japan In **J—** there was NO single **l—** in **p—** for an extended **p—** and rather than a powerful **p—** party, **J—** was dominated by the **m—**.

Answer 164

In **Japan** there was NO single **leader** in **power** for an extended **period** and rather than a powerful **political** party, **Japan** was dominated by the **military**.

Question 165

# The question of a ‘dictatorship’ in Japan However, it can be argued that by the **1—**, **J—** had become a **m—** dictatorship as its **a—** and **n—** leaders were very **p—** and who influenced the **e—**.

Answer 165

However, it can be argued that by the **1930s**, **Japan** had become a **military** dictatorship as its **army** and **navy** leaders were very **powerful** and who influenced the **emperor**.

Question 166

# 2 main leaders Emperor **H—**: reigned from **1—** to **1—**. A **m—** whose **a—** and special position in **J—** society was built on well-established **t—**. But he was not a **c—** dominating person like **I—** **D—** (or **H—**)

Answer 166

Emperor **Hirohito**: reigned from **1926** to **1989**. A **monarch** whose **authority** and special position in **Japanese** society was built on well-established **tradition**. But he was not a **crowd** dominating person like **Il** **Duce** (or **Hitler**)

Question 167

# 2 main leaders General **T—**: came to represent Japanese **m—** even though he was only **P—** Minister from late **1—** until mid **1—**. Throughout this time, **T—** was always responsible to the **E—** and there were other powerful **m—** commanders at the time.

Answer 167

General **Tojo**: came to represent Japanese **militarism** even though he was only **Prime** Minister from late **1941** until mid **1944**. Throughout this time, **Tojo** was always responsible to the **Emperor** and there were other powerful **military** commanders at the time.

Question 168

# Background Japanese **p—** evolved rather than underwent a **r—** and the **e—** reign continued uninterrupted After **W—** **J—** experienced a range of **d—**/issues

Answer 168

Japanese **politics** evolved rather than underwent a **revolution** and the **emperor’s** reign continued uninterrupted After **WWI** **Japan** experienced a range of **difficulties**/issues

Question 169

# Background The price of **r—** rose rapidly and there were **r—** – these were **b—** crushed

Answer 169

The price of **rice** rose rapidly and there were **riots** – these were **brutally** crushed

Question 170

# Background **J—** leaders were very **u—** about their **t—** at the **P—**, especially as they had fought on the **A—** side

Answer 170

**Japanese** leaders were very **unhappy** about their **treatment** at the **PPC**, especially as they had fought on the **Allies** side

Question 171

# Political instability **J—** in the **1—** was NOT a full **d—**. It had a **p—** (the Diet) but voting was **r—** and the **P—** was responsible to the **e—** not the **D—**

Answer 171

**Japan** in the **1920s** was NOT a full **democracy**. It had a **parliament** (the Diet) but voting was **restricted** and the **PM** was responsible to the **emperor** not the **Diet**

Question 172

# Political instability There was **s—** support for greater **d—** by some who wanted **J—** to be **i—** in outlook and **t—** and co-operate with other **c—**

Answer 172

There was **strong** support for greater **democracy** by some who wanted **Japan** to be **internationalist** in outlook and **trade** and co-operate with other **countries**

Question 173

# Political instability But there were also strong **n—** who favoured **a—** gov, **t—** Japanese **v—**, high **m—** budgets and who were anti **m—** and wanted **c—**/traditional values to **p—**.

Answer 173

But there were also strong **nationalists** who favoured **authoritarian** gov, **traditional** Japanese **values**, high **military** budgets and who were anti **modernism** and wanted **conservative**/traditional values to **prevail**.

Question 174

# Political instability **C—** was briefly **p—** (Japanese **C—** Party **1—** – **1—**). But the government brought in a **P—** **P—** Law in **1—** which restricted public **d—** of political **i—**

Answer 174

**Communism** was briefly **popular** (Japanese **Communist** Party **1922** – **1932**). But the government brought in a **Peace** **Preservation** Law in **1925** which restricted public **discussion** of political **issues**

Question 175

# Political instability **J—** was again **h—** at the **W—** **N—** Conference in **1—**-**2** when it had to accept strict **l—** on the size of its **n—** fleet

Answer 175

**Japan** was again **humiliated** at the **Washington** **Naval** Conference in **1921**-**22** when it had to accept strict **limitations** on the size of its **naval** fleet

Question 176

# The change to authoritarianism From **1—**, **J—** turned to more **e—** measures to solve its **p—**

Answer 176

From **1932**, **Japan** turned to more **extremist** measures to solve its **problems**

Question 177

# The change to authoritarianism The impact of the **G—** **D—** **1—** – **1—** was very severe in **J—**. **U—** rose massively, there was terrible **p—** in **r—** areas and a **s—** of **r—** limited the extent to which the **g—** could expand **i—**

Answer 177

The impact of the **Great** **Depression** **1929** – **1933** was very severe in **Japan**. **Unemployment** rose massively, there was terrible **poverty** in **rural** areas and a **shortage** of **resources** limited the extent to which the **gov** could expand **industry**

Question 178

# The change to authoritarianism PM **T—** was **a—** by a group of young **n—** officers in **1—**; this brought an end to **p—** government. The influence of the **m—** increased and 5 of the next 10 **P—** were from the **m—** – they favoured **r—** wing **n—** and aggressive **f—** policy

Answer 178

PM **Tsuyoshi** was **assassinated** by a group of young **naval** officers in **1932**; this brought an end to **party** government. The influence of the **military** increased and 5 of the next 10 **PMs** were from the **military** – they favoured **right** wing **nationalism** and aggressive **foreign** policy

Question 179

# Ideology Rather than promote a new **i—**, the Japanese **m—** appealed to **t—** values. They rejected **d—** and **i—** and believed in the unquestioned **p—** of the **e—** as the **u—** force in the **c—**

Answer 179

Rather than promote a new **ideology**, the Japanese **militarists** appealed to **traditional** values. They rejected **democracy** and **internationalism** and believed in the unquestioned **power** of the **emperor** as the **unifying** force in the **country**

Question 180

# Ideology The **S—** and **B—** traditions reinforced this and was continued by the privileged **m—** leaders

Answer 180

The **Samurai** and **Bushido** traditions reinforced this and was continued by the privileged **military** leaders

Question 181

# Ideology A prominent **i—** of the time **I—** called for the break up of all **p—** parties, rule by the **e—** and assertive **n—**

Answer 181

A prominent **intellectual** of the time **Ikki** called for the break up of all **political** parties, rule by the **emperor** and assertive **nationalism**

Question 182

# Ideology The **m—** believed this gave the **J—** racial **s—**

Answer 182

The **military** believed this gave the **Japanese** racial **superiority**

Question 183

# The economy **J—** military **d—** came with no **p—** for a radical **t—** of the **e—**

Answer 183

**Japan’s** military **dictatorship** came with no **plans** for a radical **transformation** of the **economy**

Question 184

# The economy After **W—** Japan’s **e—** was reasonably **s—**. BUT the **G—** **D—** affected it vey badly. The **e—** was dependent on **i—**: aluminium, **c—**, wool, **i—** and steel. AND **e—** of textiles and **s—**. After **1—**, with **t—** restrictions, the **e—** collapsed.

Answer 184

After **WWI** Japan’s **economy** was reasonably **strong**. BUT the **Great** **Depression** affected it vey badly. The **economy** was dependent on **imports**: aluminium, **cotton**, wool, **iron** and steel. AND **exports** of textiles and **silk**. After **1929**, with **trade** restrictions, the **economy** collapsed.

Question 185

# The economy From the mid **1—** there was more control over the **e—** as it moved towards larger-scale **w—** – **7—**% of gov **s—** allocated to the **m—**

Answer 185

From the mid **1930s** there was more control over the **economy** as it moved towards larger-scale **war** – **75**% of gov **spending** allocated to the **military**

Question 186

# Control: propaganda, censorship, terror **P—**: this was used **e—** to **u—** the **p—** behind the war effort. It evolved over time as **J—** faced increasing **c—**

Answer 186

**Propaganda**: this was used **extensively** to **unify** the **population** behind the war effort. It evolved over time as **Japan** faced increasing **challenges**

Question 187

# Control: propaganda, censorship, terror It covered themes of **m—** achievements and the benefits of **J—** **c—** and **p—** system

Answer 187

It covered themes of **military** achievements and the benefits of **Japanese** **culture** and **political** system

Question 188

# Control: propaganda, censorship, terror **C—**: this was increased in the **1—**. In **1—** a **C—** Information **B—** was established to **c—** all **n—** and produce **p—**

Answer 188

**Censorship**: this was increased in the **1930s**. In **1940** a **Cabinet** Information **Bureau** was established to **censor** all **news** and produce **propaganda**

Question 189

# Control: propaganda, censorship, terror There was little outright **o—** from the **J—** people. The **1—** **P—** **P—** Law gave the gov greater **c—** over critics – some were **i—** for the whole **w—**

Answer 189

There was little outright **opposition** from the **Japanese** people. The **1941** **Peace** **Preservation** Law gave the gov greater **control** over critics – some were **imprisoned** for the whole **war**

Question 190

# Control: propaganda, censorship, terror **T—**: **A—** rule was expanded after the full-scale **i—** of **C—** in **1—**

Answer 190

**Terror**: **Authoritarian** rule was expanded after the full-scale **invasion** of **China** in **1937**

Question 191

# Control: propaganda, censorship, terror The **T—** – Special **H—** Police monitored **p—** thought and maintained **s—** stability

Answer 191

The **Tokko** – Special **Higher** Police monitored **political** thought and maintained **social** stability

Question 192

# Control: propaganda, censorship, terror The **K—** – **M—** Police **C—** was a secret **p—** unit of the army – it was **b—** but more active in occupied **t—** rather than in **J—**

Answer 192

The **Kempeitai** – **Military** Police **Corps** was a secret **police** unit of the army – it was **brutal** but more active in occupied **territories** rather than in **Japan**

Question 193

# Control: propaganda, censorship, terror **L—** wing radical were main **t—** during the **1—**. There were no **c—** camps or mass **k—**

Answer 193

**Left** wing radical were main **targets** during the **1930s**. There were no **concentration** camps or mass **killings**

Question 194

# Society and Culture There was no major **s—** change/cultural **r—** during the time of the **m—** dictatorship

Answer 194

There was no major **social** change/cultural **revolution** during the time of the **military** dictatorship

Question 195

# Society and Culture **E—** were concentrated in promoting **n—** **v—** and support for the **e—**

Answer 195

**Efforts** were concentrated in promoting **nationalist** **values** and support for the **emperor**

Question 196

# Society and Culture **L—** was very regimented and **c—**. The conservative **i—** were pushed through the **e—** system. The **J—** people were largely **c—**.

Answer 196

**Life** was very regimented and **controlled**. The conservative **ideas** were pushed through the **education** system. The **Japanese** people were largely **compliant**.

Question 197

# Foreign Policy In the **1—** Japan abandoned **d—** and international co-operation and **a—** an increasingly aggressive/**e—** foreign policy in the **A—**-Pacific region.

Answer 197

In the **1930s** Japan abandoned **diplomacy** and international co-operation and **adopted** an increasingly aggressive/**expansionist** foreign policy in the **Asia**-Pacific region.

Question 198

# Foreign Policy **1—** – the Japanese **K—** Army invaded **M—** It **w—** from the **L—** in **1—** In **1—** it invaded **C–**

Answer 198

**1931** – the Japanese **Kwantung** Army invaded **Manchuria** It **withdrew** from the **League** in **1933** In **1937** it invaded **China**

Question 199

# Foreign Policy In **S—** **1—** it signed the **T—** Pact with **G—** and **I—**

Answer 199

In **September** **1940** it signed the **Tripartite** Pact with **Germany** and **Italy**

Question 200

# Foreign Policy Its **r—** with the **U—** deteriorated **1—** – **1—** which led to the **b—** of **P—** Harbor in **D—** **1—**

Answer 200

Its **relations** with the **USA** deteriorated **1939** – **1940** which led to the **bombing** of **Pearl** Harbor in **December** **1941**

Question 201

# The establishment of the Weimar Republic – democracy in Germany **D—** was established in **G—** amid the chaos and bitterness of **d—** at the end of **W—**

Answer 201

**Democracy** was established in **Germany** amid the chaos and bitterness of **defeat** at the end of **WWI**

Question 202

# The establishment of the Weimar Republic – democracy in Germany Many in **G—** including; **l—** and supporters of the **S—** **D—** **P—** (SPD – Socialists – the largest party in the **R—**) welcomed the start of full **d—**

Answer 202

Many in **Germany** including; **liberals** and supporters of the **Social** **Democratic** **Party** (SPD – Socialists – the largest party in the **Reichstag**) welcomed the start of full **democracy**

Question 203

# The establishment of the Weimar Republic – democracy in Germany On the **r—** wing of politics this included **c—** who had little faith in **d—** because it had been imposed by the victorious **a—** and because it was led by **p—** from the **w—** class – the **S—** **D—**

Answer 203

On the **right** wing of politics this included **conservatives** who had little faith in **democracy** because it had been imposed by the victorious **allies** and because it was led by **politicians** from the **working** class – the **Social** **Democrats**

Question 204

# The establishment of the Weimar Republic – democracy in Germany There was also opposition to the **d** **r—** from the political **l—** wing; **e—** groups like the **I—** **S—** and **S—**. They had wanted a full-scale socialist **r—**

Answer 204

There was also opposition to the **democratic** **republic** from the political **left** wing; **extremist** groups like the **Independent** **Socialists** and **Spartacists** (communists). They had wanted a full-scale socialist **revolution** (like the **Bolshevik** Rev. in Russia)

Question 205

# The establishment of the Weimar Republic – democracy in Germany They caused widespread **d—**, difficulty and **p—** instability for the new **W—** **R—** from its earliest months

Answer 205

They caused widespread **disruption**, difficulty and **political** instability for the new **Weimar** **Republic** from its earliest months

Question 206

# Early opposition to Weimar **O—** **1—** – the sailors of the Kiel **N—** Base mutinied, led by the Independent **S—** and revolutionary activity occurred in other parts of **G—** (in **M—** a short-lived **s—** republic was **e—** but quickly **c—**)

Answer 206

**October** **1918** – the sailors of the Kiel **Naval** Base mutinied, led by the Independent **Socialists** and revolutionary activity occurred in other parts of **Germany** (in **Munich** a short-lived **socialist** republic was **established** but quickly **crushed**)

Question 207

# Early opposition to Weimar **N—** **1—** – Kaiser Wilhelm II abdicated and fled to The **N—**. The Social Democrat, **S—** immediately announced the formation of the new German **R—**, with **E—** as the head of a provisional **g—** until elections for a National **A—** could be organised.

Answer 207

**November** **1918** – Kaiser Wilhelm II abdicated and fled to The **Netherlands**. The Social Democrat, **Scheidmann** immediately announced the formation of the new German **Republic**, with **Ebert** as the head of a provisional **government** until elections for a National **Assembly** could be organised.

Question 208

# Early opposition to Weimar **E—** gained the support of the **a—** leader **G—**, to crush further **l—** wing revolutionary activity. The **a—** was dominated by an **o—** corps made up of **c—** and **a—** who had no sympathy for the **r—** and no interest in **d—**!

Answer 208

**Ebert** gained the support of the **army** leader **Groener**, to crush further **left** wing revolutionary activity. The **army** was dominated by an **officer** corps made up of **conservatives** and **aristocrats** who had no sympathy for the **republic** and no interest in **democracy**!

Question 209

# Early opposition to Weimar The **E—**-**G—** Pact gave the gov some **s—** – however, in the **l—** term, the power of the **a—** would undermine **d—**

Answer 209

The **Ebert**-**Groener** Pact gave the gov some **security** – however, in the **long** term, the power of the **army** would undermine **democracy**

Question 210

# Early opposition to Weimar A **s—** was also created between 2 **l—** wing groups; the **S—** (SPD) and the German **C—** Party (KPD) who would never **c—**

Answer 210

A **split** was also created between 2 **left** wing groups; the **Socialists** (SPD) and the German **Communist** Party (KPD) who would never **cooperate**

Question 211

# Early opposition to Weimar **J—** **1—** a **C—** uprising was brutally crushed by regular **a—** units and the **F—** – these were **r—** wing para-military groups largely made up of German Army veterans who had not settled into civilian life after **W—**

Answer 211

**January** **1919** a **Communist** uprising was brutally crushed by regular **army** units and the **Freikorps** – these were **right** wing para-military groups largely made up of German Army veterans who had not settled into civilian life after **WWI**

Question 212

# Early opposition to Weimar But, by mid **J—** **1—**, a National **A—** had been elected and met in **W—** – away from the chaos of **B—**; **S—** became **Chancellor** and **Ebert** **President** of the **Weimar** Republic

Answer 212

But, by mid **January** **1919**, a National **Assembly** had been elected and met in **Weimar** – away from the chaos of **Berlin**; **Schiedmann** became **Chancellor** and **Ebert** **President** of the **Weimar** Republic

Question 213

# Early opposition to Weimar In **A—** **1—** a new **c—** had been written

Answer 213

In **August** **1919** a new **constitution** had been written

Question 214

# The Weimar Constitution - strengths The new republic’s **1—** **c—** was extremely **d—**; elections every 4 years for the **R—**, voting rights for all adult **m—** and **w—**, the **p—** would be elected by the whole population every 7 years, the **c—** was appointed from the **R—** and they would select their **m—** from the **R—**

Answer 214

The new republic’s **1919** **constitution** was extremely **democratic**; elections every 4 years for the **Reichstag**, voting rights for all adult **men** and **women**, the **president** would be elected by the whole population every 7 years, the **chancellor** was appointed from the **Reichstag** and they would select their **ministers** from the **Reichstag**

Question 215

# The Weimar Constitution - weaknesses **R—** members would be **e—** on the basis of proportional **r—** – this meant that a **c—** was elected for every **6—** votes they received

Answer 215

**Reichstag** members would be **elected** on the basis of proportional **representation** – this meant that a **candidate** was elected for every **60 000** votes they received

Question 216

# The Weimar Constitution - strengths With so many different **p—** represented in the **R—**, it was difficult for any **o—** party to gain a **m—** and **g—** had to be formed from a **c—** of a number of parties – decision making was impossible

Answer 216

With so many different **parties** represented in the **Reichstag**, it was difficult for any **one** party to gain a **majority** and **governments** had to be formed from a **coalition** of a number of parties – decision making was impossible

Question 217

# Specific Issues with the Constitution Article **2—** gave the **p—** the power to appoint/dismiss the **c—**, close the **R—** and call new **e—**

Answer 217

Article **25** gave the **president** the power to appoint/dismiss the **chancellor**, close the **Reichstag** and call new **elections**

Question 218

# Specific Issues with the Constitution Article **4—** – was very **c—**! It gave the **p—** the power to ‘rule by **d—**’ in times of national **e—** and suspended the **c—**

Answer 218

Article **48** – was very **controversial**! It gave the **president** the power to ‘rule by **decree**’ in times of national **emergency** and suspended the **constitution**

Question 219

# Treaty of Versailles – effect on the Weimar Republic The **G—** **A—** commanders (**H—** and **L—**) were able to avoid responsibility for the **T—** by spreading the **d—** or ‘stab in the back’ which blamed the harsh **t—** on the civilian **p—** who had signed it – blame for defeat and humiliation was inherited by the new **d—**

Answer 219

The **German** **Army** commanders (**Hindenburg** and **Ludendorff**) were able to avoid responsibility for the **TofV** by spreading the **dolchstosslegende** or ‘stab in the back’ which blamed the harsh **terms** on the civilian **politicians** who had signed it – blame for defeat and humiliation was inherited by the new **democracy**

Question 220

# Treaty of Versailles – effect on the Weimar Republic The new republic’s **p—** were sometimes called the ‘**N—** criminals’ by the **a—** and **c—**.

Answer 220

The new republic’s **politicians** were sometimes called the ‘**November** criminals’ by the **army** and **conservatives**.

Question 221

# 1920 – 1923; Political and economic crises In the early **1—**, the new **d—** republic struggled to establish itself as it faced violent **o—** from both extreme **l—** and **r—** wing organisations

Answer 221

In the early **1920s**, the new **democratic** republic struggled to establish itself as it faced violent **opposition** from both extreme **left** and **right** wing organisations

Question 222

# 1920 – 1923; Political and economic crises In **M—** **1—** the **K—** **P—** was an attempted **r—**-wing takeover of the gov by the **F—** – led by **W—** **K—** – the army would not fire on them and the gov was only saved by **B—** workers calling a general **s—**

Answer 222

In **March** **1920** the **Kapp** **Putsch** was an attempted **right**-wing takeover of the gov by the **Freikorps** – led by **Wolfgang** **Kapp** – the army would not fire on them and the gov was only saved by **Berlin** workers calling a general **strike**

Question 223

# 1920 – 1923; Political and economic crises From **M—** to **M—** **1—** there was almost **c—** war in the **R—** with a **c—** (left wing) uprising of **5—** workers crushed by a combination of **F—** and the German **A—**

Answer 223

From **March** to **May** **1920** there was almost **civil** war in the **Ruhr** with a **communist** (left wing) uprising of **50 000** workers crushed by a combination of **Freikorps** and the German **Army**

Question 224

# 1920 – 1923; Political and economic crises In the **1—** there were **3—** political **a—** including **R—** **L—**, the leader of the **S—** – further evidence of the political instability and violence faced by the **d—**

Answer 224

In the **1920s** there were **350** political **assassinations** including **Rosa** **Luxemburg**, the leader of the **Spartacists** – further evidence of the political instability and violence faced by the **democracy**

Question 225

# 1920 – 1923; Political and economic crises In **J—** **1—** **F—** and **B—** troops occupied the **R—** to enforce reparation payments because **G—** had fallen behind in the delivery of **c—** and **t—**

Answer 225

In **January** **1923** **French** and **Belgian** troops occupied the **Ruhr** to enforce reparation payments because **Germany** had fallen behind in the delivery of **coal** and **timber**

Question 226

# Economic disaster - hyperinflation The German **g—** responded with a campaign of passive **r—** – a refusal by G **w—** to cooperate – this caused an **e—** crisis

Answer 226

The German **gov** responded with a campaign of passive **resistance** – a refusal by G **workers** to cooperate – this caused an **economic** crisis

Question 227

# Economic disaster - hyperinflation The **g—** printed huge amounts of **m—** which caused **i—** to become **h—** – the value of G **c—** was completely **d—**

Answer 227

The **gov** printed huge amounts of **money** which caused **inflation** to become **hyperinflation** – the value of G **currency** was completely **destroyed**

Question 228

# Inflation and hyperinflation: German marks needed to buy $1 US 1914 - **—** 1919 - **4—** 1922 - **7—** 1923 (Jan) - **17—** 1923 (Sept) - **25—**

Answer 228

1914 - ** 4** 1919 - ** 47** 1922 - ** 7,000** 1923 (Jan) - ** 17,000** 1923 (Sept) - **25,260,000,000**

Question 229

# Inflation and hyperinflation: German marks needed to buy $1 US **S—** **1—** – passive resistance was abandoned and **h—** was brought under **c—** – but great **d—** had been done

Answer 229

**September** **1923** – passive resistance was abandoned and **hyperinflation** was brought under **control** – but great **damage** had been done

Question 230

# Inflation and hyperinflation: German marks needed to buy $1 US The **s—** and **s—** of the **m—** class and **r—** (older conservative) Germans were wiped out and the **f—** and **u—** of the times was forever linked to the Weimar **d—** and disastrous **e—** mismanagement

Answer 230

The **savings** and **security** of the **middle** class and **retired** (older conservative) Germans were wiped out and the **fear** and **uncertainty** of the times was forever linked to the Weimar **democracy** and disastrous **economic** mismanagement

Question 231

# Inflation and hyperinflation: German marks needed to buy $1 US **N—** **1—** – another **p—** crisis occurred when **A—** **H—** attempted his Beer Hall **P—** in **M—** – it failed but **H—** only received a very light **s—** from the conservative **j—** who was sympathetic

Answer 231

**November** **1923** – another **political** crisis occurred when **Adolf** **Hitler** attempted his Beer Hall **Putsch** in **Munich** – it failed but **Hitler** only received a very light **sentence** from the conservative **judge** who was sympathetic

Question 232

# 1924 – 1928: Stability for Weimar This period is sometimes referred to as the ‘**G—** Years’ of the **r—**; the **e—** improved, there was a degree of **s—** and it seemed like **d—** might succeed

Answer 232

This period is sometimes referred to as the ‘**Golden** Years’ of the **republic**; the **economy** improved, there was a degree of **stability** and it seemed like **democracy** might succeed

Question 233

# 1924 – 1928: Stability for Weimar **G—** **S—** introduced a new currency – the **R—**, which ended **h—** and restored **f—** stability

Answer 233

**Gustav** **Stresemann** introduced a new currency – the **Rentenmark**, which ended **hyperinflation** and restored **financial** stability

Question 234

# 1924 – 1928: Stability for Weimar **S** was only **c** for a few **m—** but continued as **F—** Minister from **1—** to **1—** – he worked to overturn the TofV, improved relations with **B—** + **F—**, **G—** joined the LofN in **1—**

Answer 234

**Stresemann** was only **chancellor** for a few **months** but continued as **Foreign** Minister from **1923** to **1929** – he worked to overturn the TofV, improved relations with **Br** + **Fr**, **Germany** joined the LofN in **1926**

Question 235

# 1924 – 1928: Stability for Weimar He negotiated the **D—** Plan in **1—** which reduced Germany’s **r—** payments which enabled the **W—** Gov to get loans from the **U—** to support the **e—**

Answer 235

He negotiated the **Dawes** Plan in **1924** which reduced Germany’s **reparation** payments which enabled the **Weimar** Gov to get loans from the **USA** to support the **economy**

Question 236

# 1924 – 1928: Stability for Weimar The **W—** Gov gained popularity by introducing improvements in **s—** welfare, **p—** housing, **h—** services and **l—** were passed to limit working hours and set up **u—** insurance

Answer 236

The **Weimar** Gov gained popularity by introducing improvements in **social** welfare, **public** housing, **health** services and **laws** were passed to limit working hours and set up **unemployment** insurance

Question 237

# 1924 – 1928: Stability for Weimar **C—** flourished and the younger, **u—** population embraced **m—** while the older **c—** hated it and blamed **d—** for decadence and erosion of **s—**

Answer 237

**Culture** flourished and the younger, **urban** population embraced **modernism** while the older **conservatives** hated it and blamed **democracy** for decadence and erosion of **standards**

Question 238

# Democracy still fragile In **1—**, **H—** was elected **P—** – which indicated there were many people still loyal to the old **G—** Empire. The **W—** Republic’s head of state – with great power under the **c—**, was NOT committed to **d—**

Answer 238

In **1925**, **Hindenburg** was elected **President** – which indicated there were many people still loyal to the old **German** Empire. The **Weimar** Republic’s head of state – with great power under the **constitution**, was NOT committed to **democracy**

Question 239

# Democracy still fragile **U—** remained at **1—**. It dropped in **1—** but was on the rise again in **1—**

Answer 239

**Unemployment** remained at **10%**. It dropped in **1927** but was on the rise again in **1929**

Question 240

# Democracy still fragile From **1—**, prices for **a—** produce dropped, creating hardship for **f—** and **r—** workers

Answer 240

From **1927**, prices for **agricultural** produce dropped, creating hardship for **farmers** and **rural** workers

Question 241

# Democracy still fragile Huge loans from the **U—** greatly helped **G—** invest in **i—** projects but made the German **e—** very vulnerable to any downturn in the **U—** economy

Answer 241

Huge loans from the **USA** greatly helped **Germany** invest in **infrastructure** projects but made the German **economy** very vulnerable to any downturn in the **US** economy

Question 242

# Democracy still fragile Between **1—** and **1—** there were 6 different **g—**, providing evidence for the difficulty of forming workable **c—**

Answer 242

Between **1924** and **1928** there were 6 different **governments**, providing evidence for the difficulty of forming workable **coalitions**

Question 243

# Democracy still fragile For **c—**, including those close to **H—**, this highlighted the weakness of **d—**. They wanted a return to **a—** gov.

Answer 243

For **conservatives**, including those close to **Hindenburg**, this highlighted the weakness of **democracy**. They wanted a return to **authoritarian** gov.

Question 244

# 1929 – The Great Depression The Great **D—** affected all industrial **e—** but brought total **e—** chaos and severe hardship to **G—** once again

Answer 244

The Great **Depression** affected all industrial **economies** but brought total **economic** chaos and severe hardship to **Germany** once again

Question 245

# 1929 – The Great Depression **O—** **1—**, the **U—** Stock Market collapsed – the **U—** gov immediately called in its loans to **G—** – which they couldn’t pay. **I—** stopped and world **t—** ended

Answer 245

**October** **1929**, the **US** Stock Market collapsed – the **US** gov immediately called in its loans to **Germany** – which they couldn’t pay. **Investment** stopped and world **trade** ended

Question 246

# 1929 – The Great Depression Between **1—** and **1—**, the **G—** unemployment rate rose from **2—** million to **—** million (unofficial peak probably **—** million) – about **1—** of the workforce – **G—** productivity halved

Answer 246

Between **1929** and **1932**, the **German** unemployment rate rose from **2.5** million to **6** million (unofficial peak probably **8** million) – about **1/3** of the workforce – **German** productivity halved

Question 247

# 1929 – The Great Depression The circumstances of the **D—** combined with **u—**, **h—**, **p—**, hatred of **V—** significantly undermined **d—**

Answer 247

The circumstances of the **Depression** combined with **unemployment**, **hunger**, **panic**, hatred of **Versailles** significantly undermined **democracy**

Question 248

# 1929 – The Great Depression AJP **T—** comment ‘the **D—** put the wind in **H—** sails’ conveys how the **N—** rose to power by **1—** [Taylor is an historian]

Answer 248

AJP **Taylor’s** comment ‘the **Depression** put the wind in **Hitler’s** sails’ conveys how the **Nazis** rose to power by **1933** [Taylor is an historian]

Question 249

# Establishment of the nazi party The **N—** Party was established during the **p—** instability of the early **W—** Republic

Answer 249

The **Nazi** Party was established during the **political** instability of the early **Weimar** Republic

Question 250

# Establishment of the nazi party To begin with it was on the fringe of **r—**-wing politics in the southern state of **B—** but in **1—** it became a national **p—** party

Answer 250

To begin with it was on the fringe of **right**-wing politics in the southern state of **Bavaria** but in **1923** it became a national **political** party

Question 251

# Establishment of the nazi party **H—** had served in **W—** and after the war, back in **M—**, he became interested in the German **W—**’ Party [DAP] founded by Anton **D—**

Answer 251

**Hitler** had served in **WWI** and after the war, back in **Munich**, he became interested in the German **Workers**’ Party [DAP] founded by Anton **Drexler**

Question 252

# Establishment of the nazi party **H—** added value to the DAP because his good **o—** skills drew **a—** and fee-paying **m—** to the **p—**

Answer 252

**Hitler** added value to the DAP because his good **oratory** skills drew **audiences** and fee-paying **members** to the **party**

Question 253

# Establishment of the nazi party In **1—**, the party changed its name to the National **S—** German **W—**’ Party and a **2—** point programme was produced – it outlined the **m—** beliefs/**i—** of the Party

Answer 253

In **1920**, the party changed its name to the National **Socialist** German **Workers**’ Party and a **25** point programme was produced – it outlined the **major** beliefs/**ideology** of the Party

Question 254

# Establishment of the nazi party **H—** speaking topics were very **p—**; hatred for **T—**, anti-**d—**, German **n—**, anti-**M—** and anti-**S—**

Answer 254

**Hitler’s** speaking topics were very **popular**; hatred for **TofV**, anti-**democracy**, German **nationalism**, anti-**Marxist** and anti-**Semitic**

Question 255

# Establishment of the nazi party The **N–** Party became more prominent when it purchased its own **n–**, the **V–** **B–** – this spread its message/**p–**

Answer 255

The **Nazi** Party became more prominent when it purchased its own **newspaper**, the **Volkischer** **Beobachter** – this spread its message/**propaganda**

Question 256

# Establishment of the nazi party In October **1—**, **H—** created the **S—** (SA) to control crowds at **p—** meetings and to assault **p—** opponents and disrupt their **m—**

Answer 256

In October **1921**, **Hitler** created the **Sturmabteilung** (SA) to control crowds at **party** meetings and to assault **political** opponents and disrupt their **meetings**

Question 257

# Establishment of the nazi party **H—** continued to build the party through the next few years, it adopted **i—** like the **s—**, the **b—** uniform and the particular **s—**. Many key figures joined in this period; Ernst **R—**, Hermann **G—**, Rudolf **H—** and Alfred **R—**

Answer 257

**Hitler** continued to build the party through the next few years, it adopted **iconography** like the **swastika**, the **brown** uniform and the particular **salute**. Many key figures joined in this period; Ernst **Rohm**, Hermann **Goring**, Rudolf **Hess** and Alfred **Rosenburg**

Question 258

# Establishment of the nazi party By **N—** **1—**, **H—** felt confident enough to stage his ‘**B—** Hall **P—**

Answer 258

By **Nov** **1923**, **Hitler** felt confident enough to stage his ‘**Beer** Hall **Putsch**

Question 259

# Establishment of the nazi party **H—** and the **S—** stormed a beer hall in **B—** with the hope of convincing the **l—** gathered there to join him on a march to take over **B—** and overthrow the ‘**N—** Criminals’. At first, they refused to participate but when General **L—** arrived (he supported **H—** ideas) they agreed.

Answer 259

**Hitler** and the **SA** stormed a beer hall in **Bavaria** with the hope of convincing the **leaders** gathered there to join him on a march to take over **Berlin** and overthrow the ‘**November** Criminals’. At first, they refused to participate but when General **Ludendorff** arrived (he supported **Hitler’s** ideas) they agreed.

Question 260

# Establishment of the nazi party **H—** instead led a march of **P—** members into the **c—**. The **p—** blocked their way, shots were fired and **—** police officers and **1—** Nazis were killed. **H—** escaped but was **a—**

Answer 260

**Hitler** instead led a march of **Party** members into the **city**. The **police** blocked their way, shots were fired and **4** police officers and **16** Nazis were killed. **Hitler** escaped but was **arrested**

Question 261

# Establishment of the nazi party **H—** was put on trial for treason but a sympathetic **j—** only gave him a sentence of **—** years with parole after **—** months

Answer 261

**Hitler** was put on trial for treason but a sympathetic **judge** only gave him a sentence of **5** years with parole after **9** months

Question 262

# Establishment of the nazi party In **p—**, in relative comfort, **H—** wrote his political manifesto **M—** **K—** (My Struggle) which added to the **N—** Party’s popularity

Answer 262

In **prison**, in relative comfort, **Hitler** wrote his political manifesto **Mein** **Kampf** (My Struggle) which added to the **Nazi** Party’s popularity

Question 263

# Establishment of the nazi party After **—** months **H—** was released and reorganised the **N—** Party with an emphasis on winning **p—** by **l—** means – to win **e—**

Answer 263

After **9** months **Hitler** was released and reorganised the **Nazi** Party with an emphasis on winning **power** by **legal** means – to win **elections!**

Question 264

# Establishment of the nazi party The **P—** was re-founded in **1—** with **H—** as undisputed **l—** [in the German election of **M—** **1—**, the Party polled **—** million votes and gained **3—** seats in the **R—**. **S—** violence and intimidation continued

Answer 264

The **Party** was re-founded in **1925** with **Hitler** as undisputed **leader** [in the German election of **May** **1924**, the Party polled **2** million votes and gained **32** seats in the **Reichstag**. **SA** violence and intimidation continued

Question 265

# Establishment of the nazi party In **A—** **1—** the **S—** (SS) was created and in **1—** the **H—** Youth was started

Answer 265

In **April** **1925** the **Schutzstaffel** (SS) was created and in **1926** the **Hitler** Youth was started

Question 266

# Establishment of the nazi party The **N—** Party was given a tighter **s—**; **G—** or local leaders in charge of **g—** were placed throughout **G—**

Answer 266

The **Nazi** Party was given a tighter **structure**; **Gauleiters** or local leaders in charge of **gau** were placed throughout **Germany**

Question 267

# Establishment of the nazi party **P—** membership climbed to more than **1—** by **1—** but it did NOT do well in the May **1—** elections and only won **1—** seats. It seemed they were viewed as fringe **e—** with little prospect of **s—**

Answer 267

**Party** membership climbed to more than **100 000** by **1928** but it did NOT do well in the May **1928** elections and only won **12** seats. It seemed they were viewed as fringe **extremists** with little prospect of **success**

Question 268

# Establishment of the nazi party BUT, **H—** and **G—** developed highly effective approaches to **p—**. They made use of **n—**, **p—** and new media like **r—**. They focused on simple targets like **J—**, **c—** and ‘**N—** Criminals’ but expanded to include **f—**, big **b—** and the **u—**

Answer 268

BUT, **Hitler** and **Goebbels** developed highly effective approaches to **propaganda**. They made use of **newspapers**, **posters** and new media like **radio**. They focused on simple targets like **Jews**, **communists** and ‘**November** Criminals’ but expanded to include **farmers**, big **business** and the **unemployed**

Question 269

# Establishment of the nazi party In **1—**, **H—** joined forces with the **N—** Party **l—** to oppose the **Y—** Plan [another plan to revise the TofV **r—** payments] – he wanted reparations **a—** completely.

Answer 269

In **1929**, **Hitler** joined forces with the **National** Party **leader** to oppose the **Young** Plan [another plan to revise the TofV **reparations** payments] – he wanted reparations **abandoned** completely.

Question 270

# Establishment of the nazi party This **a—** with a ‘respectable’ **r—** wing party increased **H—** popularity and gave him access to **f—** backing from big **b—** because they liked Hitler’s anti-**c—** stance

Answer 270

This **alliance** with a ‘respectable’ **right** wing party increased **Hitler’s** popularity and gave him access to **financial** backing from big **business** because they liked Hitler’s anti-**communism** stance

Question 271

# The nazi party through the great depression By the time the **G—** **D—** hit **G—** at the end of **1—**, **H—** was at the head of a mass **m—** with a national **o—** and could use the **e—** hardships and **i—** in the country

Answer 271

By the time the **Great** **Depression** hit **Germany** at the end of **1929**, **Hitler** was at the head of a mass **movement** with a national **organisation** and could use the **economic** hardships and **instability** in the country

Question 272

# The nazi party through the great depression The **G— D—** hit **G—** very, very hard which caused a radicalisation of the **e—** and the **G—** people were persuaded by both the **c—** on the **l—** wing and **N—** on the **r—** wing to try to alleviate the **e—** crisis

Answer 272

The **Great Depression** hit **Germany** very, very hard which caused a radicalisation of the **electorate** and the **German** people were persuaded by both the **communists** on the **left** wing and **Nazis** on the **right** wing to try to alleviate the **economic** crisis

Question 273

# The nazi party through the great depression At the end of **1—**, **N—** Party membership was **1—** and it had a high **p—**

Answer 273

At the end of **1929**, **Nazi** Party membership was **130 000** and it had a high **profile**

Question 274

# The nazi party through the great depression As **u—** continued to rise: **—** million in **1—** – **3—**, **—** million in **1—**, both **w—** and the **m—** classes found the **N—** ideas attractive

Answer 274

As **unemployment** continued to rise: **5** million in **1930** – **31**, **6** million in **1932**, both **workers** and the **middle** classes found the **Nazi’s** ideas attractive

Question 275

# The nazi party through the great depression The Party participated in **e—** with mixed results; from **2—** in the 1928 elections to **1—** (**1—** seats)in the **1—** elections. In July elections in **1—**, it gained 37% (**2—** seats) but dropped back to **3—** in November **1—**

Answer 275

The Party participated in **elections** with mixed results; from **2.6%** in the 1928 elections to **18%** (**107** seats)in the **1930s** elections. In July elections in **1932**, it gained 37% (**230** seats) but dropped back to **33%** in November **1932**

Question 276

# The nazi party through the great depression **S—** violence continued through this period, which added to the impression that **d—** was unstable and **d—**. But **H—** campaigned hard, giving **s—** across the country, flying by **p—** from place to place

Answer 276

**SA** violence continued through this period, which added to the impression that **democracy** was unstable and **disordered**. But **Hitler** campaigned hard, giving **speeches** across the country, flying by **plane** from place to place

Question 277

# Political intrigue When the **M—** Gov (SPD, believed in **d—**) collapsed in March **1—** [he wanted to raise **t—**, the other parties in his **c—** refused), President **H—** appointed a Centre Party **p—** and academic, Dr **B—** as **C—**

Answer 277

When the **Muller** Gov (SPD, believed in **democracy**) collapsed in March **1930** [he wanted to raise **taxes**, the other parties in his **coalition** refused), President **Hindenburg** appointed a Centre Party **politician** and academic, Dr **Bruning** as **Chancellor**

Question 278

# Political intrigue **B—** attempted to address the **e—** crisis by using **p—** to reduce **i—** – severely cut back on **g—** spending – this worsened the **e—** problems. **B—** needed to rule by Presidential **D—** (Article **4—** in the Constitution) as he did not have a majority in the **R—**.

Answer 278

**Bruning** attempted to address the **economic** crisis by using **policies** to reduce **inflation** – severely cut back on **gov** spending – this worsened the **economic** problems. **Bruning** needed to rule by Presidential **Decree** (Article **48** in the Constitution) as he did not have a majority in the **Reichstag**.

Question 279

# Political intrigue New **e—** were called in September **1—** – when the **R—** rejected **B—** economic policies

Answer 279

New **elections** were called in September **1930** – when the **Reichstag** rejected **Bruning’s** economic policies

Question 280

# Political intrigue The Sept **1—** elections dramatically changed the fortunes of the **N—** Party – they campaigned hard, **H—** gave speeches every 2 or 3 **d—** and focused on how the TofV **r—** (even under the **Y—** Plan) were **e—** destroying **G—**.

Answer 280

The Sept **1930** elections dramatically changed the fortunes of the **Nazi** Party – they campaigned hard, **Hitler** gave speeches every 2 or 3 **days** and focused on how the TofV **reparations** (even under the **Young** Plan) were **economically** destroying **Germany**.

Question 281

# Political intrigue The **N—** vote meant they went from 12 to 107 **s—** in the **R—** – the second **l—** party. **M—** and support grew significantly. Several **i—** who would come to play a prominent role in the Third **R—** joined the **N—** Party at this time [Albert **S—**, Reinhard **H—**]

Answer 281

The **Nazi** vote meant they went from 12 to 107 **seats** in the **Reichstag** – the second **largest** party. **Membership** and support grew significantly. Several **individuals** who would come to play a prominent role in the Third **Reich** joined the **Nazi** Party at this time [Albert **Speer**, Reinhard **Heydrich**]

Question 282

# Political intrigue In the midst of political chaos in **1—**, there was a **p—** election. **H—** ran reluctantly; he gained 11 **m—** votes but **H—** (who had been elected president in **1—**) gained 18 **m—** [**H—** did not like the republic]

Answer 282

In the midst of political chaos in **1932**, there was a **presidential** election. **Hitler** ran reluctantly; he gained 11 **million** votes but **Hindenburg** (who had been elected president in **1925**) gained 18 **million** [**Hindenburg** did not like the republic]

Question 283

# Political intrigue In December **1—** **B—** banned the wearing of **p—** uniforms in an effort to calm the daily **v—**. He tried to disband the **S—** and **S—** without success. When the **e—** crisis deepened [a major **b—** collapsed], **B—** was forced to resign and **H—** appointed Franz von **P—** – a member of the **C—** Centre Party, not even in the **R—**

Answer 283

In December **1931** **Bruning** banned the wearing of **political** uniforms in an effort to calm the daily **violence**. He tried to disband the **SA** and **SS** without success. When the **economic** crisis deepened [a major **bank** collapsed], **Bruning** was forced to resign and **Hindenburg** appointed Franz von **Papen** – a member of the **Catholic** Centre Party, not even in the **Reichstag**

Question 284

# Political intrigue **H—** was very old by this time – he relied on **a—** who hated the **r—** and were **c—** and **n—** in their views

Answer 284

**Hindenburg** was very old by this time – he relied on **advisors** who hated the **republic** and were **conservative** and **nationalist** in their views

Question 285

# Political intrigue To gain support, Von **P—** began to negotiate with the **N—** – which they agreed to if he overturned the ban on **u—** – which he did. Von **P—** believed he could control **H—**. July **1—** elections – **N—** won **2—** seats – **l—** party.

Answer 285

To gain support, Von **Papen** began to negotiate with the **Nazis** – which they agreed to if he overturned the ban on **uniforms** – which he did. Von **Papen** believed he could control **Hitler**. July **1932** elections – **Nazis** won **230** seats – **largest** party.

Question 286

# Political intrigue In **1—**, **H—** was offered the position of Vice-**C—** but he refused it. In September **1—**, **H—** brought down Von **P—** gov (by supporting a **C—** Party no-confidence motion and new **e—** were called for November **1—**

Answer 286

In **1932**, **Hitler** was offered the position of Vice-**Chancellor** but he refused it. In September **1932**, **Hitler** brought down Von **Papen’s** gov (by supporting a **Communist** Party no-confidence motion and new **elections** were called for November **1932**

Question 287

# Political intrigue **H—** and the **N—** campaigned strongly and **v—** increased. They lost **3—** seats but were still the **l—** party in the **R—** (with **1—** seats) although they were discouraged (the first signs of **e—** recovery after the **G—** **D—** were evident).

Answer 287

**Hitler** and the **Nazis** campaigned strongly and **violence** increased. They lost **34** seats but were still the **largest** party in the **Reichstag** (with **196** seats) although they were discouraged (the first signs of **economic** recovery after the **Great** **Depression** were evident).

Question 288

# Political intrigue In December **1—**, Von **P—** had to resign the **C—** because **H—** refused this time to support him. General von **S—** became the new **C—** (behind the scenes there was much **p—** intrigue occurring)

Answer 288

In December **1932**, Von **Papen** had to resign the **Chancellorship** because **Hitler** refused this time to support him. General von **Schleicher** became the new **Chancellor** (behind the scenes there was much **political** intrigue occurring)

Question 289

# Political intrigue Von **P—** worked behind the scenes to make Hitler **C—** of a nationalist coalition **g—** and **H—** was persuaded that this was the best **s—** to bring about stability (**H—** had majority support in the **R—**

Answer 289

Von **Papen** worked behind the scenes to make Hitler **Chancellor** of a nationalist coalition **gov** and **Hindenburg** was persuaded that this was the best **solution** to bring about stability (**Hitler** had majority support in the **Reichstag**

Question 290

# Political intrigue On 30th **J—** **1—**, Adolf **H—** was appointed **C—** of **G—** through a **l—** path and demanded new **e—** in 6 **w—** to consolidate his hold on **p—**

Answer 290

On 30th **January** **1933**, Adolf **Hitler** was appointed **Chancellor** of **Germany** through a **legal** path and demanded new **elections** in 6 **weeks** to consolidate his hold on **power**

Question 291

# The initial consolidation of Nazi power 1933 - 1934 After the appointment of **H—** as **C—** in January **1—**, the **N—** were able to consolidate their hold on **p—** through a combination of measures; (i)passing new **l—**, (ii) elimination of other political **p—** (iii)**G—** – the **N—** of German society, (iv)**t—** and **v—**, (v)**p—**, (vi)Hitler becoming **F—**, to unite the **G—** people behind them and ensure they could not be removed from **p—**.

Answer 291

After the appointment of **Hitler** as **Chancellor** in January **1933**, the **Nazis** were able to consolidate their hold on **power** through a combination of measures; (i)passing new **laws**, (ii) elimination of other political **parties** (iii)**Gleichschaltung** – the **Nazification** of German society, (iv)**terror** and **violence**, (v)**propaganda**, (vi)Hitler becoming **Fuhrer**, to unite the **German** people behind them and ensure they could not be removed from **power**.

Question 292

# The initial consolidation of Nazi power 1933 - 1934 By the end of **1—**, **H—** and the **N—** had been able to transform the highly **d—** Weimar Republic into an **a—** regime.

Answer 292

By the end of **1934**, **Hitler** and the **Nazis** had been able to transform the highly **democratic** Weimar Republic into an **authoritarian** regime.

Question 293

# Early 1933 – Nazi hold on power still weak **H—** became **C—** of Germany in Jan **1—**, BUT **H—** was still the head of **s—** and hostile to **H—** and there were only **—** other Nazis in the cabinet of **m—**

Answer 293

**Hitler** became **Chancellor** of Germany in Jan **1933**, BUT **Hindenburg** was still the head of **state** and hostile to **Hitler** and there were only **2** other Nazis in the cabinet of **ministers**

Question 294

# Early 1933 – Nazi hold on power still weak **H—** called for new **e—** in March **1—** and he needed to improve the **N—** vote in these to confirm his hold on **p—**.

Answer 294

**Hitler** called for new **elections** in March **1933** and he needed to improve the **Nazi** vote in these to confirm his hold on **power**.

Question 295

# Early 1933 – Nazi hold on power still weak In Feb **1—**, members of the **S—** started to be sworn in as ‘**a—** police’ – over **5—** were sworn in – this gave them the legal right to **a—** and **i—** **1—** political opponents. **6—** people were **m—**

Answer 295

In Feb **1933**, members of the **SA** started to be sworn in as ‘**auxiliary** police’ – over **50 000** were sworn in – this gave them the legal right to **arrest** and **imprison** **100 000** political opponents. **600** people were **murdered**

Question 296

# Early 1933 – Nazi hold on power still weak At this time, **H—** spoke publicly on the **r—** of his ambition to fix Germany’s **e—**, end **u—** and repair **a—**

Answer 296

At this time, **Hitler** spoke publicly on the **radio** of his ambition to fix Germany’s **economy**, end **unemployment** and repair **agriculture**

Question 297

# Early 1933 – Nazi hold on power still weak Privately, he told Army **G—** and his cabinet **m—** that German **r—** was his main priority

Answer 297

Privately, he told Army **Generals** and his cabinet **members** that German **rearmament** was his main priority

Question 298

# The Reichstag Fire – February 1933 On the 27th **F—** **1—**, a lone Dutch **c—** **M—** van der **L—**, set fire to the **G—** parliament building, the **R—**.

Answer 298

On the 27th **Feb** **1933**, a lone Dutch **communist** **Marius** van der **Lubbe**, set fire to the **German** parliament building, the **Reichstag**.

Question 299

# The Reichstag Fire – February 1933 The **N—** interpreted this as the start of a major **c—** uprising and immediately **4—** communists were **a—**. The **N—** passed an **e—** decree/law ‘For the **P—** of **P—** and **S—**’ [sometimes called the **R—** Fire Decree] which gave **H—** gov extensive **p—** to impose **c—** and restrict civil **l—**

Answer 299

The **Nazis** interpreted this as the start of a major **communist** uprising and immediately **4000** communists were **arrested**. The **Nazis** passed an **emergency** decree/law ‘For the **Protection** of **People** and **State**’ [sometimes called the **Reichstag** Fire Decree] which gave **Hitler’s** gov extensive **powers** to impose **censorship** and restrict civil **liberties**

Question 300

# The Reichstag Fire – February 1933 The **C—** Party was effectively **b—**, the **S—** Party had their **p—** suppressed – moves towards one **p—** rule

Answer 300

The **Communist** Party was effectively **banned**, the **Socialist** Party had their **press** suppressed – moves towards one **party** rule

Question 301

# The Reichstag Fire – February 1933 The **S—** began a reign of **t—**, arresting even more **p—** opponents and imprisoning them in makeshift concentration **c—** (in disused factories and buildings) The first official **c—** camp (KZ) was **D—** but others were built in **1—**, mostly full of **c—** (KPD) and **s—** (SPD)

Answer 301

The **SA** began a reign of **terror**, arresting even more **political** opponents and imprisoning them in makeshift concentration **camps** (in disused factories and buildings) The first official **concentration** camp (KZ) was **Dachau** but others were built in **1933**, mostly full of **communists** (KPD) and **socialists** (SPD)

Question 302

# The Reichstag Fire – February 1933 On March 5th **1—**, the last multi-party **e—** were held in **G—**. The Nazis won **2—** seats – still short of an absolute **m—**, so **H—** had to form another **c—** with the **r—**-wing **N—** Party

Answer 302

On March 5th **1933**, the last multi-party **elections** were held in **Germany**. The Nazis won **288** seats – still short of an absolute **majority**, so **Hitler** had to form another **coalition** with the **right**-wing **Nationalist** Party

Question 303

# The Reichstag Fire – February 1933 On 21st March **1—**, the parliament met in **P** and Pres **H—** accepted **H—** as **C—**

Answer 303

On 21st March **1933**, the parliament met in **Potsdam** and Pres **Hindenburg** accepted **Hitler** as **Chancellor**

Question 304

# The Reichstag Fire – February 1933 The German National **f—** of **b—**, **r—** and **g—** was **b—** and replaced by **—** flags; the **N—** Party **s—** flag and the old **i—** German flag of **b—**, **r—** and **w—**

Answer 304

The German National **flag** of **black**, **red** and **gold** was **banned** and replaced by **2** flags; the **Nazi** Party **swastika** flag and the old **imperial** German flag of **black**, **red** and **white**

Question 305

# The Reichstag Fire – February 1933 The Horst **W—** song was designated to be sung at all **p—** events alongside the national **a—** (Wessel had been an **S—** leader in **B—** who had been killed by **c—** in **1—** – it was a popular **N—** song)

Answer 305

The Horst **Wessel** song was designated to be sung at all **public** events alongside the national **anthem** (Wessel had been an **SA** leader in **Berlin** who had been killed by **communists** in **1930** – it was a popular **Nazi** song)

Question 306

# The Enabling Act On 23rd **M—** **1—**, **H—** tabled the **E—** Act in the **R—** – it gave the **N—** gov complete control to enact **l—** without the need for the **R—** or the **P—** approval. The vote required a **2—** majority to change the **c—**. The **C—** Party were **b—**, **S—** and **S—** men in the chamber caused the **C—** Party to vote in favour. Only the **S—** Party (SPD) – **9—** members voted against

Answer 306

On 23rd **March** **1933**, **Hitler** tabled the **Enabling** Act in the **Reichstag** – it gave the **Nazi** gov complete control to enact **laws** without the need for the **Reichstag’s** or the **President’s** approval. The vote required a **2/3rd** majority to change the **constitution**. The **Communist** Party were **banned**, **SA** and **SS** men in the chamber caused the **Catholic** Party to vote in favour. Only the **Socialist** Party (SPD) – **94** members voted against

Question 307

# Start of the anti-Semitic program On 1st **A—** **1—**, the **N—** ordered a nationwide **b—** of all **J—** shops

Answer 307

On 1st **April** **1933**, the **Nazis** ordered a nationwide **boycott** of all **Jewish** shops

Question 308

# Start of the anti-Semitic program On 7th **A—** **1—** the ‘Law for the **R—** of the **P—** Civil Service’ excluded **J—** from all **g—** work

Answer 308

On 7th **April** **1933** the ‘Law for the **Restoration** of the **Professional** Civil Service’ excluded **Jews** from all **government** work

Question 309

# Start of the anti-Semitic program Also, the **N—** removed other potential **o—** (those with differing **p—** views) from all positions in the **c—** service and **j—**

Answer 309

Also, the **Nazis** removed other potential **opponents** (those with differing **political** views) from all positions in the **civil** service and **judiciary**

Question 310

# Gleichschaltung At this time the **N—** began a process known as **G—** – the **N—**/co-ordination of all aspects of **s—**. This included them asserting **c—** over regional **g—** and all levels of **a—**. **P—** chiefs in most cities, unless they were **N—**, were replaced. **T—** Unions were **b—**

Answer 310

At this time the **Nazis** began a process known as **Gleichschaltung** – the **Nazification**/co-ordination of all aspects of **society**. This included them asserting **control** over regional **govs** and all levels of **administration**. **Police** chiefs in most cities, unless they were **Nazis**, were replaced. **Trade** Unions were **banned**

Question 311

# Gleichschaltung **Y—** people were pressured to join the Hitler **Y—** (boys) and all **w—** organisation were merged into the **N—** Socialist **W—** League

Answer 311

**Young** people were pressured to join the Hitler **Youth** (boys) and all **women’s** organisation were merged into the **National** Socialist **Women’s** League

Question 312

# One Party state On 14th **J—** **1—**, the **N—** passed a **l—** declaring the ‘**N—** Socialist **G—** Workers’ **P—**’ exists as the ONLY **p—** Party in **G—**

Answer 312

On 14th **July** **1933**, the **Nazis** passed a **law** declaring the ‘**National** Socialist **German** Workers’ **Party**’ exists as the ONLY **political** Party in **Germany**

Question 313

# One Party state The SPD (**S—** Party) was officially **b—**, other parties dissolved themselves with the **C—** Party being the last to **d—**. These steps formalised the creation of a **o—**-party state

Answer 313

The SPD (**Socialist** Party) was officially **banned**, other parties dissolved themselves with the **Centre** Party being the last to **disband**. These steps formalised the creation of a **one**-party state

Question 314

# One Party state A **C—** signed with the **C—** church was an agreement that the **N—** respected **C—** rights and the **c—** would keep out of **p—** activities

Answer 314

A **Concordat** signed with the **Catholic** church was an agreement that the **Nazis** respected **Catholic** rights and the **church** would keep out of **political** activities

Question 315

# The Reich Chamber of Culture In the second half of **1—**, the Reich **C—** of **C—** was established under the **l** of Joseph **G**; its task was to co-ordinate the **a**, including **m**, **f**, **l**, **p** and the **m**. This would ensure that all **c** and **c** sectors of German **s** were brought into line. The ‘**E** Law in October **1** prevented any non-**A** (Jewish) German working in **j**

Answer 315

In the second half of **1933**, the Reich **Chamber** of **Culture** was established under the **leadership** of Joseph **Goebbels**; its task was to co-ordinate the **arts**, including **music**, **film**, **literature**, **painting** and the **media**. This would ensure that all **creative** and **communication** sectors of German **society** were brought into line. The ‘**Editors** Law in October **1933** prevented any non-**Aryan** (Jewish) German working in **journalism**

Question 316

# The Reich Chamber of Culture By the end of **1—** **H—** announced Germany’s withdrawal from the **D—** Conference and the **L—** of **N—** – these steps were **p—** and signified his future intentions.

Answer 316

By the end of **1933** **Hitler** announced Germany’s withdrawal from the **Disarmament** Conference and the **League** of **Nations** – these steps were **popular** and signified his future intentions.

Question 317

# November 1933 elections As the **N—** Party was the only **p—** party in **G—**, its candidates won all **6—** seats in the **R—**!

Answer 317

As the **Nazi** Party was the only **political** party in **Germany**, its candidates won all **661** seats in the **Reichstag**!

Question 318

# Relations with the Army: The Night of the Long Knives In early **1—**, **H—** had partly consolidated his hold on **p—** but was still vulnerable – **H—** was still **P—** and he held enormous **s—** and held an independent position of **a—**

Answer 318

In early **1934**, **Hitler** had partly consolidated his hold on **power** but was still vulnerable – **Hindenburg** was still **President** and he held enormous **stature** and held an independent position of **authority**

Question 319

# Relations with the Army: The Night of the Long Knives The German **A—** was the one institution with the **p—** to remove **H—**. There were tensions between the **A—** and the **S—** – the **l—** of the SA, Ernst **R—**, had ambitions for the **S—** to replace the German **A—** as the nation’s **d—** force. The Minister of **W—**, **B—** had introduced the **s—** on military uniforms to show the army’s closeness to the **N—**

Answer 319

The German **Army** was the one institution with the **power** to remove **Hitler**. There were tensions between the **Army** and the **SA** – the **leader** of the SA, Ernst **Rohm**, had ambitions for the **SA** to replace the German **Army** as the nation’s **defence** force. The Minister of **War**, **Blomberg** had introduced the **swastika** on military uniforms to show the army’s closeness to the **Nazis**

Question 320

# Relations with the Army: The Night of the Long Knives **H—** had no intention of allowing the **S—** to replace the **A—** – this would have upset the **c—** followers of the **N—** and some sections of the **S—** were still quite **r—** in their ideas. **R—** political rivals in the **N—** Party – **H—** and **G—** manufactured evidence that **R—** was planning a **c—** against **H—**. It was essential that **H—** secured the support of the **A—**

Answer 320

**Hitler** had no intention of allowing the **SA** to replace the **Army** – this would have upset the **conservative** followers of the **Nazis** and some sections of the **SA** were still quite **revolutionary** in their ideas. **Rohm’s** political rivals in the **Nazi** Party – **Himmler** and **Goering** manufactured evidence that **Rohm** was planning a **coup** against **Hitler**. It was essential that **Hitler** secured the support of the **Army**

Question 321

# Relations with the Army: The Night of the Long Knives On 30th **J—** **1—**, **H—** acted decisively; the SA **l—**, including **R—** were **a—** in what became known as the **N—** of the **L—** **K—**

Answer 321

On 30th **June** **1934**, **Hitler** acted decisively; the SA **leadership**, including **Rohm** were **arrested** in what became known as the **Night** of the **Long** **Knives**

Question 322

# Terror and violence **H—** elite **S—** and **G—** (Secret Sate Police) murdered **R—** and **5—** other SA **l—** – opportunity was taken to settle old scores with other political **o—** – **1—** were accused of **t—** and **m—**. In the days after the ‘ Law on **S—** Self-**D—** **M—**’ legalised all the **m—** committed

Answer 322

**Himmler’s** elite **SS** and **Gestapo** (Secret Sate Police) murdered **Rohm** and **50** other SA **leaders** – opportunity was taken to settle old scores with other political **opponents** – **150** were accused of **treason** and **murdered**. In the days after the ‘ Law on **State** Self-**Defence** **Measures**’ legalised all the **murders** committed

Question 323

# Terror and violence The **N—** of the **L—** **K—** completely undermined the **S—** as a political force and its numbers drastically **r—** in the next few **y—**. It served as a warning to anyone with thoughts of defying **H—** leadership

Answer 323

The **Night** of the **Long** **Knives** completely undermined the **SA** as a political force and its numbers drastically **reduced** in the next few **years**. It served as a warning to anyone with thoughts of defying **Hitler’s** leadership

Question 324

# Death of Hindenburg 1934 On 2nd **A—** **1—** **H—** died. **H—** immediately merged the positions of **C—** and **P—** into one and gave himself the title **F—** of **G—**. A referendum was held asking the **G—** people to approve this. **8—%** of voters supported **H—** as having constitutionally unlimited **p—**; head of **s—**, head of **g—**, leader of the **Party** and supreme **c—** of the **a—** forces

Answer 324

On 2nd **August** **1934** **Hindenburg** died. **Hitler** immediately merged the positions of **Chancellor** and **President** into one and gave himself the title **Fuhrer** of **Germany**. A referendum was held asking the **German** people to approve this. **89.9%** of voters supported **Hitler** as having constitutionally unlimited **powers**; head of **state**, head of **government**, leader of the **Party** and supreme **commander** of the **armed** forces

Question 325

# Death of Hindenburg 1934 On 3rd **A—** **1—**, all **s—** and **g—** officials were made to swear an oath of personal **l—** to **H—**.

Answer 325

On 3rd **August** **1934**, all **soldiers** and **government** officials were made to swear an oath of personal **loyalty** to **Hitler**.

Question 326

# The nature of nazi ideology When it was founded in **1—**, the **N—** Party produced a **2—**-point program that contained a mix of both **n—** (**r—** wing) and **s—** (**l—** wing) elements. The name National **S—** highlights this duality but the **s—** element related more to ‘**s—**’ than **M—** ideas.

Answer 326

When it was founded in **1920**, the **Nazi** Party produced a **25**-point program that contained a mix of both **nationalist** (**right** wing) and **socialist** (**left** wing) elements. The name National **Socialists** highlights this duality but the **socialist** element related more to ‘**society**’ than **Marx’s** ideas.

Question 327

# The nature of nazi ideology While some party **m—** took the **s—** demands seriously, they were never a priority for **H—**. In his book **M—** **K—** and in his speeches he always had a narrow, **n—** focus – **H—** ideas came to dominate the development of **N—** ideology and appeared in **n—** and other **b—**

Answer 327

While some party **members** took the **socialist** demands seriously, they were never a priority for **Hitler**. In his book **Mein** **Kampf** and in his speeches he always had a narrow, **nationalist** focus – **Hitler’s** ideas came to dominate the development of **Nazi** ideology and appeared in **newspapers** and other **books**

Question 328

# The nature of nazi ideology **M—** **K—** expresses very clearly the central preoccupation of **N—**: **r—**

Answer 328

**Mein** **Kampf** expresses very clearly the central preoccupation of **Nazism**: **race**

Question 329

# RACE The central tenet (**b—**) of **N—** was **r—** – really all other aspects of **N—** ideology stem from it

Answer 329

The central tenet (**belief**) of **Nazism** was **race** – really all other aspects of **Nazi** ideology stem from it

Question 330

# RACE **R—** defined the **n—** and therefore the nation and **g—** had to protect and serve the **r—**. **N—** existed to serve and protect the **G—** race, which in their view was the purest embodiment of the **A—** race

Answer 330

**Race** defined the **nation** and therefore the nation and **government** had to protect and serve the **race**. **Nazism** existed to serve and protect the **German** race, which in their view was the purest embodiment of the **Aryan** race

Question 331

# RACE The **A—** (and so the **G—**) were understood to be the creators of all **c—** and **c—**. But the German race was weakened by interbreeding with **o—**, by **u—**, and **d—**.

Answer 331

The **Aryans** (and so the **Germans**) were understood to be the creators of all **civilisation** and **culture**. But the German race was weakened by interbreeding with **others**, by **urbanisation**, and **degeneration**.

Question 332

# A new society The mission of the **N—** Party was to avert this **c—** and to do this they had to establish **V—** or **P—** Community

Answer 332

The mission of the **Nazi** Party was to avert this **crisis** and to do this they had to establish **Volksgemeinschaft** or **People’s** Community

Question 333

# A new society This national community of **G—** excluded all other **r—**, especially **J—**, to create a new **s—**. Anti-**S—** focused on **J—** as the enemy and a threat to the **G—** race

Answer 333

This national community of **Germans** excluded all other **races**, especially **Jews**, to create a new **society**. Anti-**Semitism** focused on **Jews** as the enemy and a threat to the **German** race

Question 334

# A new societyA new society The **N—** believed the **J—** were parasitic, **d—** and destructive, incapable of creating **c—**

Answer 334

The **Nazis** believed the **Jews** were parasitic, **dangerous** and destructive, incapable of creating **culture**

Question 335

# A new society The **G—** racial **s—** entitled them to living space – **l—** which would be taken at the expense of **i—** races

Answer 335

The **Germans’** racial **superiority** entitled them to living space – **lebensraum** which would be taken at the expense of **inferior** races

Question 336

# A new society **J—** were never **G—**, even if they had been **b—** and **r—** in Germany

Answer 336

**Jews** were never **German**, even if they had been **born** and **raised** in Germany

Question 337

# A new society The **N—** also viewed **S—** and **A—** people and persons of **c—** as **i—** and without **c—** – they were described as agents of the destructive **J—**

Answer 337

The **Nazis** also viewed **Slavic** and **Asian** people and persons of **colour** as **inferior** and without **culture** – they were described as agents of the destructive **Jew**

Question 338

# The Fuhrer prinzip **N—** ideology insisted on a strong **l—** with complete **p—**: a **d—** which they called the **F—** or **l—** principle

Answer 338

**Nazis** ideology insisted on a strong **leader** with complete **power**: a **dictatorship** which they called the **Fuhrerprinzip** or **leadership** principle

Question 339

# The Fuhrer prinzip It called for the total **l—** of all **N—** Party members to **H—** and designated that his **l—** and decisions were free from all **l—** and moral **r—**

Answer 339

It called for the total **loyalty** of all **Nazi** Party members to **Hitler** and designated that his **leadership** and decisions were free from all **legal** and moral **restrictions**

Question 340

# The Fuhrer prinzip Faith in **H—** was shared by **H—** himself, most **N—** Party members and eventually by **l—** sections of the **G—** population. **H—** had the most pervasive **p—** cult of all the **d—** of the time period.

Answer 340

Faith in **Hitler** was shared by **Hitler** himself, most **Nazi** Party members and eventually by **large** sections of the **German** population. **Hitler** had the most pervasive **personality** cult of all the **dictators** of the time period.

Question 341

# nationalism When applied to **G—** in the **1—**, this aspect of **N—** ideology incorporated overthrowing of the **T—** of **V—**, **r—** Germany and uniting all **e—** Germans into the **V—** – even from other **c—**, where **G—** people had been placed as a result of the post **W—** peace treaties

Answer 341

When applied to **Germany** in the **1930s**, this aspect of **Nazi** ideology incorporated overthrowing of the **Treaty** of **Versailles**, **remilitarising** Germany and uniting all **ethnic** Germans into the **Volksgemeinschaft** – even from other **countries**, where **German** people had been placed as a result of the post **WWI** peace treaties

Question 342

# nationalism **N—** also wanted to restore the German **e—** and achieve **e—** self-sufficiency (**a—**). This would also provide **e—** and **s—** for the German **p—**

Answer 342

**Nazism** also wanted to restore the German **economy** and achieve **economic** self-sufficiency (**autarky**). This would also provide **employment** and **security** for the German **people**

Question 343

# Anti- communist/marxist **C—** and **M—** were seen as opposite to the interests of **N—** ideology

Answer 343

**Communism** and **Marxism** were seen as opposite to the interests of **Nazi** ideology

Question 344

# Anti- communist/marxist **M—** was rejected because it placed emphasis on an **i—** community of **c—**, rather than a nation of **r—**

Answer 344

**Marxism** was rejected because it placed emphasis on an **international** community of **class**, rather than a nation of **race**

Question 345

# Anti- communist/marxist Liberal **d—** and free market **c—** were rejected because they placed emphasis on the rights of the **i—**; **e—**, access to the **l—** and **p—**. This also helps to explain **N—** rejection of the **W—** Republic.

Answer 345

Liberal **democracy** and free market **capitalism** were rejected because they placed emphasis on the rights of the **individual**; **equality**, access to the **law** and **property**. This also helps to explain **Nazism’s** rejection of the **Weimar** Republic.

Question 346

# Aggressive expansionism **N—** ideology believed that **G—** needed to aggressively expand its **t—** to survive. This **e—** should/would be directed towards the **e—**; **P—** and the **U—**

Answer 346

**Nazi** ideology believed that **Germany** needed to aggressively expand its **territory** to survive. This **expansion** should/would be directed towards the **east**; **Poland** and the **USSR**

Question 347

# Aggressive expansionism The **N—** termed this as **l—** – living space, to which **G—** was entitled because of the **s—** of the **G—** people.

Answer 347

The **Nazis** termed this as **lebensraum** – living space, to which **Germany** was entitled because of the **superiority** of the **German** people.

Question 348

# Aggressive expansionism The **N—** would ensure that the **G—** people would be **m—** and ready to embark upon an aggressive **w—** of **c—**.

Answer 348

The **Nazis** would ensure that the **German** people would be **militarised** and ready to embark upon an aggressive **war** of **conquest**.