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Gen. Bio 18-1|18-2| 18-3 > Modern Evolutionary Classification > Flashcards

Modern Evolutionary Classification Flashcards

1
Q

_________ is the study of evolutionary relationships among organisms.

A

Phylogeny

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2
Q

Biologists currently group organisms into categories that represent lines of _____(sentence)

A

evolutionary descent, or phylogeny, not just physical similarities.

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3
Q

The strategy of grouping organisms is based on evolutionary history and is called ______

A

evolutionary classification

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4
Q

The higher the level of the _______, the further back in time is the common ancestor of all the organisms in the taxon.

A

Taxon

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5
Q

Organisms that appear very _______ may not share a recent common ancestor.

A

Similar

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6
Q

Different Methods of Classification

A

•CLASSIFICATION BASED ON VISIBLE SIMILARITY
•CLADOGRAM

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7
Q

Many biologists now use a method called cladistic analysis.

Characteristics that appear in recent parts of a lineage but not in its older members are called derived characters.

A

Classification Using Cladograms

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8
Q

Many biologists now use a method called

A

cladistic analysis.

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9
Q

Characteristics that appear in recent parts of a lineage but not in its older members are called

A

derived characters.

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10
Q

can be used to construct a cladogram

A

Derived characters

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11
Q

Derived characters can be used to construct a ______, a diagram that shows the evolutionary relationships among a group of organisms.

A

Cladogram

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12
Q

a diagram that shows the evolutionary relationships among a group of organisms.

A

Cladogram

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13
Q

A _______ shows the evolutionary relationships between crabs, barnacles, and limpets.

A

Cladogram

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14
Q

A cladogram shows the evolutionary relationships between ________,________ , and ________.

A

crabs, barnacles, and limpets.

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15
Q

The genes of many organisms show important similarities at the molecular level.

Similarities in DNA can be used to help determine classification and evolutionary relationships.

A

Similarities in DNA and RNA

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16
Q

The genes of many organisms show important similarities at the __________

A

Molecular level

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17
Q

Similarities in ______ can be used to help determine classification and evolutionary relationships.

A

DNA

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18
Q

The _______ of many organisms show important similarities at the molecular level.

A

Genes

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19
Q

The more similar the DNA of two species, the more recently they shared a common ancestor, and the more closely they are related in evolutionary terms.

A

DNA Evidence

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20
Q

A ___________ uses DNA comparisons to estimate the length of time that two species have been evolving independently.

A

Molecular clock

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21
Q

Systems of classification adapt to new discoveries.

A

The Tree of Life Evolves

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22
Q

__________ adapt to new discoveries.

A

Systems of classification

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23
Q

_______ classified organisms into two kingdoms- animals and plants.

A

Linnaeus

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24
Q

Five Kingdoms

A

• Monera

• Protista

• Fungi

• Plantae

• Animalia

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25
Q

Recently, biologists recognized that Monera were composed of two distinct groups:

A

Eubacteria and Archaebacteria

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26
Q

The six-kingdom system of classification includes:

A

• Eubacteria

• Archaebacteria

• Protista

• Fungi

• Plantae

• Animalia

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27
Q

Introduced in 1700’s

A

Plantae and Animalia

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28
Q

Introduced in Late 1800’s

A

Protista, Plantae, Animalia

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29
Q

Introduced in 1950

A

Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia

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30
Q

Introduced in 1990’s

A

Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia

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31
Q

Molecular analyses have given rise to a new taxonomic category that is now recognized by many scientists.

The domain is a more inclusive category than any other larger than a kingdom.

A

The Three-Domain System

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32
Q

___________ __________have given rise to a new taxonomic category that is now recognized by many scientists.

A

Molecular Analyses

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33
Q

The ________ is a more inclusive category than any other _______( a sentence)

A

domain, than a kingdom.

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34
Q

The three domains are:

A

Eukarya, Bacteria, Archaea

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35
Q

Eukarya, which is composed of (4 blank)

A

protists, fungi, plants, and animals.

36
Q

Bacteria, which corresponds to the (1 blank)

A

kingdom Eubacteria.

37
Q

Archaea, which corresponds to the kingdom

A

Archaebacteria

38
Q

Members of the domain Bacteria are unicellular prokaryotes.

Their cells have thick, rigid cell walls that surround a cell membrane.

Their cell walls contain peptidoglycan.

A

Domain Bacteria

39
Q

Members of the domain Bacteria are

A

unicellular prokaryotes.

40
Q

Their cells have _______,_______ _____ _______ that surround a cell membrane.

A

thick, rigid cell walls

41
Q

Domain Bacteria
Their cell walls contain _________

A

peptidoglycan

42
Q

Domain Bacteria:
KINGDOM:
CELL TYPE:
CELL STRUCTURES:
NUMBER OF CELLS:
MODE OF NUTRITION:
EXAMPLES:

A

KINGDOM: Eubacteria
CELL TYPE: Prokaryote
CELL STRUCTURES: Cell walls with peptidoglycan
NUMBER OF CELLS: Unicellular
MODE OF NUTRITION: Autotroph or heterotroph
EXAMPLES: Streptococcus, Escherichia coli

43
Q

Members of the domain Archaea are unicellular prokaryotes.

Many live in extreme environments.

Their cell walls lack peptidoglycan, and their cell membranes contain unusual lipids not found in any other organism.

A

Domain Archaea

44
Q

Members of the domain Archaea are

A

unicellular prokaryotes.

45
Q

Domain Archaea
Many live in

A

extreme environments.

46
Q

Their cell walls lack _____, and their cell membranes contain ________ ________ not found in any other organism.

A

peptidoglycan, unusual lipids

47
Q

Domain Archaea:
KINGDOM:
CELL TYPE:
CELL STRUCTURES:
NUMBER OF CELLS:
MODE OF NUTRITION:
EXAMPLES:

A

KINGDOM: Archaebacteria
CELL TYPE: Prokaryote
CELL STRUCTURES: Cell walls without peptidoglycan
NUMBER OF CELLS: Unicellular
MODE OF NUTRITION: Autotroph or heterotroph
EXAMPLES: Methanogens, halophiles

48
Q

The domain Eukarya consists of organisms that have a nucleus.

This domain is organized into four kingdoms:

• Protista
• Fungi
•Plantae
• Animalia

A

Domain Eukarya

49
Q

The domain Eukarya consists of organisms that (2 blank)

A

have a nucleus

50
Q

Domain Eukarya
This domain is organized into four kingdoms:

A

• Protista
• Fungi
•Plantae
•Animalia

51
Q

The kingdom (blank) is composed of eukaryotic organisms that cannot be classified as animals, plants, or fungi.

52
Q

Its members display the greatest variety

53
Q

Protista can be unicellular or ______; photosynthetic or ______; and can share characteristics with ______, ______, or _____.

A

Multicellular, heterotrophic, plants, fungi, animals

54
Q

Members of the kingdom Fungi are heterotrophs.

Most fungi feed on dead or decaying organic matter by secreting digestive enzymes into it and absorbing small food molecules into their bodies.

They can be either multicellular (mushrooms) or unicellular (yeasts).

55
Q

Members of the kingdom Fungi are _________

A

heterotrophs

56
Q

Most fungi feed on ____ or ____ organic matter by (3 blank) into it and absorbing small food molecules into their bodies.

A

Dead or decaying by secreting digestive enzymes

57
Q

They can be either multicellular (mushrooms) or unicellular (yeasts).

58
Q

Members of the kingdom Plantae are multicellular, photosynthetic autotrophs.

Plants are nonmotile-they cannot move from place to place.

Plants have cell walls that contain cellulose.

59
Q

Members of the kingdom Plantae are multicellular, (2 blank)

A

Photosynthetic autotrophs

60
Q

Plants are _______-they cannot move from place to place.

61
Q

Plants have cell walls that contain

62
Q

Members of the kingdom Animalia are multicellular and heterotrophic.

The cells of animals do not have cell walls.

There is great diversity within the animal kingdom, and many species exist in nearly every part of the planet.

63
Q

Members of the kingdom Animalia are (2 blank)

A

multicellular and heterotrophic.

64
Q

The cells of animals (sentence)

A

do not have cell walls.

65
Q

There is great diversity within the (2 blank), and many species exist in nearly every part of the planet.

A

Animal Kingdom

66
Q

and other processes have led to a staggering diversity of organisms.

A

Natural selection

67
Q

Biologists have identified and named about

A

1.5 million species so far.

68
Q

They estimate that (blank) additional species have yet to be discovered

A

2-100 million

69
Q

Why Classify?

To study the diversity of life, biologists use a (2 blank) to name organisms and group them in a logical manner.

A

classification system

70
Q

In the discipline of (blank), scientists classify organisms and assign each organism a universally accepted name.

71
Q

Common names of organisms vary, so scientists assign one name for each species.

Always in Latin.

A

Assigning Scientific Names

72
Q

(Blank)/developed a naming system called binomial nomenclature.

A

Carolus Linneaus

73
Q

Carolus Linneaus developed a naming system called

A

binomial nomenclature

74
Q

In (2 blank), each species is assigned a two-part scientific name.

A

Binomial nomenclature

75
Q

The scientific name is

A

italicized

76
Q

Linnaeus not only named species, he also grouped them into categories.

A

Linnaeus’s System of Classification

77
Q

Linnaeus’s seven levels of classification are-from smallest to largest-

A

•species
• genus
• family
• order
• class
•phylum
•kingdom

78
Q

Each level is called a (blank), or taxonomic category.

79
Q

are the two smallest categories.

A

Species and genus

80
Q

Genera that share many characteristics are grouped in a larger category, the

81
Q

An (blank) is a broad category composed of similar families

82
Q

The next larger category, the (blank), is composed of similar orders.

83
Q

Several different classes make up a

84
Q

Domain Bacteria example

A

Streptococcus & Escherichia coli

85
Q

Example of Domain Archae Bacteria

A

Methanogens & halophiles

Gen. Bio 18-1|18-2| 18-3 (1 decks)

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