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History of Medicine (c1250 - present day) > Modern Day > Flashcards

Modern Day Flashcards

c1900 - present day

1
Q

What had Robert Koch done by the start of the 1900s?

A

His work had made the belief of germs universal and people began searching for deeper causes of diseases eg causes connected to the “pathways of the body”

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2
Q

What did Archibald Garrod theorise?

A

In 1902 he theorised that hereditary diseases are caused by missing information in the body’s chemical pathways

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3
Q

What and when was the work of Rosalind Franklin?

A

1951 she photographed DNA

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4
Q

What and when was the work of James Watson and Francis Crick?

A

1953 Watson and Crick published a paper proving understanding of its structure meaning that DNA causing hereditary diseases could be explored

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5
Q

When was the launch of the Human Genome Project?

A

1990

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6
Q

When was the mapping of the Human Genome completed and what was the effect?

A

2000
Scientists could use the blueprint of a human’s DNA to look for mistakes in the DNA of people suffering from hereditary diseases

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7
Q

What Medieval hunch was proven to be correct with scientific evidence?

A

The importance of diet and exercise

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8
Q

What are 4 common technologies used for diagnosis of disease in the 21st century?

A
  • MRI scans
  • ultrasound scans
  • x-rays
  • blood tests
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9
Q

When were blood tests first used?

A

1930s

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10
Q

What is the purpose of blood tests?

A

to test for an enormous number of conditions without the need for invasive diagnosis methods

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11
Q

When were MRI scans first used?

A

1970s

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12
Q

How do MRI scans detect disease or injury?

A

They use magnets and radio waves to create an internal image of the body.

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13
Q

What are MRI scans best suited to detect?

A

Soft tissue injuries such as ligament damage

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14
Q

When were X-Rays first used?

A

1890s

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15
Q

What is the purpose of X-Rays?

A

to see inside the body without cutting into it

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16
Q

When were ultrasound scans first used?

A

1940s

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17
Q

How do ultrasound scans detect faults?

A

They use sound waves to build up a picture inside of the body

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18
Q

What are ultrasounds useful for diagnosing?

A
  • Gallstones
  • Kidney stones
  • Also useful in pregnancies
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19
Q

How did the government change during the modern world?

A

They took a more active role in supporting the public health of the population

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20
Q

What was the importance of Paul Ehrlich?

A

Led the research team that discovered the first chemical cure, Salvarsan 606 in 1909 that cured syphilis

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21
Q

What was the importance of Alexander Fleming?

A

discovered mould that killed the germ staphylococcus in 1928

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22
Q

What was the importance of Howard Florey and Ernst Chain?

A

They took Fleming’s research and investigated further, discovering penicillin could kill infections inside the body. They gained US support for mass production of the drug

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23
Q

When was prontosil discovered and what was it?

A

1932, it cured blood poisoning

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24
Q

What was the first true antibiotic?

A

Penicillin

25
What were 3 examples of vaccinations introduced in the 20th century?
1940s - diphtheria 1950s - whooping cough 1960s - tetanus
26
What is a primary example of access to care improving in the 20th century?
The NHS being set up in 1948
27
What happened to apothecaries in the 20th century?
Became less mainstream- growth and understanding of chemical cures meant that the creation of treatments became the work of scientists
28
What happened to hospitals in the 20th century?
Became cleaner, more sophisticated and more high tech because of the acceptance of aseptic procedures, better science, technology and better training of staff
29
By what date were NHS hospitals throughout the UK?
By the 1960s
30
Name 3 examples of new types of surgery in the modern world?
Microsurgery Keyhole surgery Robotic surgery
31
What did microsurgery make possible and why?
first kidney transplant first lung transplant first heart transplant because it is needed to reattach tiny nerve endings and blood vessels
32
What is keyhole surgery?
Where tiny cameras and narrow surgical instruments allow surgeons to operate and make incisions from some distance away
33
What are the advantages to keyhole surgery?
They lead to less trauma and quicker healing times
34
When do surgeons use robotic surgery?
When precision is of total importance eg brain surgeries
35
Define a welfare state
When the government commits to fully taking care of the health of the people
36
When did britain become a welfare state?
The middle of the 20th century
37
When and what were the 2 Public Health Acts of the 1900s?
1936- Sewage needed to be purified before pumped into streams / rivers 1961 - Councils had to improve rented houses if landlords weren't looking after them
38
What was the importance of William Beveridge?
He wrote a report in 1942 that inspired the creation of the NHS and welfare state
39
What were the factors influencing the speed of change in the 20th century?
War | Attitudes in society
40
Which wars affected the speed of change in the 1900s?
1902 Boer War 1918 Aftermath of WW1 1945 Aftermath of WW2
41
How did the Boer War affect change?
Soldiers couldn't be recruited because of malnutrition
42
How did the aftermath of WW1 affect change?
Lots of soldiers returned injured and sick lead to campaigns forcing the government to provide more shelter and funding for those who could no longer work
43
How did the aftermath of WW2 affect change?
The destruction of Britain led to Labour being voted in who promised big spendings on healthcare by the government
44
How did attitudes in society change during WW2?
The blitz spirit continues after the war and rich people felt it was their duty to do practical things for those in need, including supporting the welfare state and NHS
45
What specific government action was put in place in 1907?
School medical inspections to monitor diseases
46
What were the clean air acts triggered by?
Bad outbreaks of smog in London in 1950s
47
What were the 2 new approaches to the prevention of disease in the modern world?
Legislations and lifestyle advice
48
Name 3 examples of legislations put in place in the modern world
- clean air acts - limiting car emissions - smoking in public places ban (2007)
49
Name 2 examples of lifestyle advice introduced in the modern world
- advertising against smoking, binge drinking, unprotected sex and drug use - change 4 life
50
What is the change4life campaign?
A campaign encouraging people to eat healthier
51
What percent of people with lung cancer smoke?
85%
52
Name 4 examples of science and technology that have been useful in the fight against lung cancer in the 20th century?
- transplants - chemotherapy - radiotherapy - genetic research
53
Define chemotherapy
flooding the body with chemicals in order to kill harmful cells
54
Define radiotherapy
Concentrated waves of radiation that interrupt the growth of tumours
55
How has the government tried to influence and change smoking behaviours over time?
- 1960s, ban on TV adverts on cigarettes - 2005, ban on cigarette advertising - 2007, smoking in public places ban - 2007, legal age of buying tobacco raised to 18 - gradual increase on taxes on tobacco - putting pictures of diseased lungs on packets - 2012, ban on displaying cigarettes in shops
56
What are the 5 factors that influenced the rapid change in the modern world?
- science - technology - attitudes in society - war - government
57
How has technology influenced the rapid change in the modern world?
Better machinery has allowed better diagnosis, treatment and preventions of illness
58
How have attitudes in society influenced the rapid change in the modern world?
An attitude has developed that we all have a social responsibility to provide the best quality medicine for people as opposed to the previous attitude that the ill were to be pitied

History of Medicine (c1250 - present day) (6 decks)

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