Modern Britain

Question 1

understanding genetics

Answer 1

19th century = Mendel showed how human characteristics could be passed between generations
20th century = new tech ( electron microscopes), cells analysed in greater detail, found all contain DNA.
Watson and Crick worked together on how the genetic codes of DNA fitted together
they analysed X-ray crystallography by Wilkins and Franklin, worked out double helix.
Watson led Human Genome Project in 1990, and mapped every gene in Human DNA

Question 2

new possibilities of discovering the structure of DNA

Answer 2

better understanding of genetic conditions, e.g. Down syndrome
predicting if people have higher risk of cancer
stem cells into different cells

yet not a cure for genetic conditions yet
preventing genetic diseases.

Question 3

lifestyle factors

Answer 3

smoking
alcohol
diet

Question 4

improvements in diagnosis

Answer 4

laboratories, test skin/blood
X-rays, scans, endoscopes, see inside body with more clarity
monitors - longer period of time

Question 5

medical technological advances

Answer 5

microscopes
incubators
X-rays
prosthetic limbs
mri/ct scans
endoscopes
pacemakers
insulin pumps
blood pressure/ sugar monitors
hypodermic needles

Question 6

magic bullets

Answer 6

koch discovered chemical dyes to stain microbes
Behring discovered body made antitoxins that attack specific microbes

paul ehrlich searched for a magic bullet, chemical that would kill microbe causing a specific disease

helped by gov funding, tested compounds of Salvarsan to find one to cure syphilis

1909 found the 606th

1932 second developed for blood poisoning - -Prontosil

key ingredient in Prontosil also cured pneumonia, scarlet fever and meningitis

Question 7

antibiotics

Answer 7

destroy/prevent bacteria growth.
first to be discovered was penicillin.
inspired by this, new antibiotics found throughout the years.
once chemical structure was discovered, new could be made, solving the problem of growing them first,
saved many lives, but resistant bacteria have evolved due to overuse.

Question 8

high-tech medical and surgical treatments

Answer 8

radiotherapy 
chemotherapy
kidney dialysis
pacemakers
organ transplants

Question 9

keyhole and microsurgery

Answer 9

tiny cameras and surgical instruments
small incisions instead of large
reduces recovered time
small instruments = reattach nerves/blood vessels can be possible

Question 10

robotic surgery

Answer 10

surgeons control robots
through computer
more precise

Question 11

NHS

Answer 11

1948
wide range of health care
GP
care/operations
health visitors, e.g. for the pregnant
ambulances/emergency treatment
health care for the elderly

Question 12

improved access to care

Answer 12

all treatment is free
everyone can get the same care
yet unequal across the country, no of doctors/hospitals/standards
few receive NHS dental treatment, difficult to access, not many NHS dentists

Question 13

compulsory vaccinations

Answer 13

in 1938, 3000 died from Diphtheria, led to gov funded immunisation plan
still controversial
some do not want their children vaccinated

Question 14

mass vaccinations timeline

Answer 14

2008 - HPV
1988 - MMR
1970 - Rubella
1962 - Measles
1961 - Tetanus
1950 - Polio
1942 - Diphtheria

Question 15

Prevention measures

Answer 15

funding more testing/vaccinations
better disposal of rubbish/sewage
laws to :
reducing air/water pollution
banning advertising of cigarettes/smoking in public
improving health/safety at work

environmental health officers inspecting food outlets

Question 16

lifestyle campaigns

Answer 16

gov funded publicity since 1948
raise awareness of:
smoking/drinking

some success, e.g. of AIDS

Change4Life campaign encouraged healthy behaviour

Question 17

discovery of penicillin

Answer 17

1928 - Fleming noticed bacteria in a Petri dish was killed by penicillium mould, tested on other bacteria, discovered to be an amazing antibiotic (penicillin)

1929, published his finding, but didn’t believe it would work on people and had no fundings for research

several years later, florey and chain continued his research

proved effective on mice, tested on humans, killed bacteria, and infection, miracle drug!

Question 18

Alexander fleming

Answer 18

worked on the battlefields of the WW1
studied soldiers wounds
tried to find treatments
many died from their infections
after, he worked at ST Mary's hospital to continue to find a way of healing bacterial infections

Question 19

florey and chain

Answer 19

florey - Australian pathologist, researching ways to kill bacteria at Oxford Medical School
he assembled a group of scientists to help him
one was German biochemist - Ernst Chain
together with Fleming, won the Nobel prize in 1945

Question 20

mass production

Answer 20

still wasn’t used for medical treatment
huge amounts needed for one person, growing took time, space, expensive

florey asked UK drug companies, and factories to help, but busy with the war

1941, florey asked the US, some agreed but on small scale

effectiveness of penicillin was shown, after USA joined WW2, saw they needed it to treat the wounded and funded 21 companies to mass produce it

mass production in US - 1942
British began in 1943

Question 21

penicillin timeline dates

Answer 21

1928 - Fleming recognises mould kills bacteria
1929 - published findings
1939 - florey and chain continue his research
1940 - penicillin proves effective on mine
1941 - us companies agree
- proved effective on humans and USA enters WW2
1942 - USA mass produce
1943 - Britain mass produce
1945 - Hodgkin finds its chemical structure
1951 - first chemical copy made

Question 22

lung cancer - diagnosis

Answer 22

symptoms - persistent cough, coughing up blood, breathlessness, tiredness, weight loss, chest infections.

if suspected, CT scan given, if a mass is seen, cells taken and collected

Question 23

lung cancer - treatment

Answer 23

surgery, removes tumour
or lung transplant

radiotherapy, shrink, or prevent growth of the tumour

chemotherapy, shrink, or prevent the cancer returning

Question 24

lung cancer - prevention

Answer 24

tv advertising for cigarettes banned in 1965
tax on tobacco, regularly increased
2007, banned in public areas, and legal ages was raised from 16 to 18
various campaigns funded to educate people about the risks
shops cannot publically display tobacco products
packaging was graphic in 2016, no matter what brand