Modern Britain Flashcards
understanding genetics
19th century = Mendel showed how human characteristics could be passed between generations
20th century = new tech ( electron microscopes), cells analysed in greater detail, found all contain DNA.
Watson and Crick worked together on how the genetic codes of DNA fitted together
they analysed X-ray crystallography by Wilkins and Franklin, worked out double helix.
Watson led Human Genome Project in 1990, and mapped every gene in Human DNA
new possibilities of discovering the structure of DNA
better understanding of genetic conditions, e.g. Down syndrome
predicting if people have higher risk of cancer
stem cells into different cells
yet not a cure for genetic conditions yet
preventing genetic diseases.
lifestyle factors
smoking
alcohol
diet
improvements in diagnosis
laboratories, test skin/blood
X-rays, scans, endoscopes, see inside body with more clarity
monitors - longer period of time
medical technological advances
microscopes incubators X-rays prosthetic limbs mri/ct scans endoscopes pacemakers insulin pumps blood pressure/ sugar monitors hypodermic needles
magic bullets
koch discovered chemical dyes to stain microbes
Behring discovered body made antitoxins that attack specific microbes
paul ehrlich searched for a magic bullet, chemical that would kill microbe causing a specific disease
helped by gov funding, tested compounds of Salvarsan to find one to cure syphilis
1909 found the 606th
1932 second developed for blood poisoning - -Prontosil
key ingredient in Prontosil also cured pneumonia, scarlet fever and meningitis
antibiotics
destroy/prevent bacteria growth.
first to be discovered was penicillin.
inspired by this, new antibiotics found throughout the years.
once chemical structure was discovered, new could be made, solving the problem of growing them first,
saved many lives, but resistant bacteria have evolved due to overuse.
high-tech medical and surgical treatments
radiotherapy chemotherapy kidney dialysis pacemakers organ transplants
keyhole and microsurgery
tiny cameras and surgical instruments
small incisions instead of large
reduces recovered time
small instruments = reattach nerves/blood vessels can be possible
robotic surgery
surgeons control robots
through computer
more precise
NHS
1948 wide range of health care GP care/operations health visitors, e.g. for the pregnant ambulances/emergency treatment health care for the elderly
improved access to care
all treatment is free
everyone can get the same care
yet unequal across the country, no of doctors/hospitals/standards
few receive NHS dental treatment, difficult to access, not many NHS dentists
compulsory vaccinations
in 1938, 3000 died from Diphtheria, led to gov funded immunisation plan
still controversial
some do not want their children vaccinated
mass vaccinations timeline
2008 - HPV 1988 - MMR 1970 - Rubella 1962 - Measles 1961 - Tetanus 1950 - Polio 1942 - Diphtheria
Prevention measures
funding more testing/vaccinations better disposal of rubbish/sewage laws to : reducing air/water pollution banning advertising of cigarettes/smoking in public improving health/safety at work
environmental health officers inspecting food outlets
lifestyle campaigns
gov funded publicity since 1948
raise awareness of:
smoking/drinking
some success, e.g. of AIDS
Change4Life campaign encouraged healthy behaviour
discovery of penicillin
1928 - Fleming noticed bacteria in a Petri dish was killed by penicillium mould, tested on other bacteria, discovered to be an amazing antibiotic (penicillin)
1929, published his finding, but didn’t believe it would work on people and had no fundings for research
several years later, florey and chain continued his research
proved effective on mice, tested on humans, killed bacteria, and infection, miracle drug!
Alexander fleming
worked on the battlefields of the WW1 studied soldiers wounds tried to find treatments many died from their infections after, he worked at ST Mary's hospital to continue to find a way of healing bacterial infections
florey and chain
florey - Australian pathologist, researching ways to kill bacteria at Oxford Medical School
he assembled a group of scientists to help him
one was German biochemist - Ernst Chain
together with Fleming, won the Nobel prize in 1945
mass production
still wasn’t used for medical treatment
huge amounts needed for one person, growing took time, space, expensive
florey asked UK drug companies, and factories to help, but busy with the war
1941, florey asked the US, some agreed but on small scale
effectiveness of penicillin was shown, after USA joined WW2, saw they needed it to treat the wounded and funded 21 companies to mass produce it
mass production in US - 1942
British began in 1943
penicillin timeline dates
1928 - Fleming recognises mould kills bacteria
1929 - published findings
1939 - florey and chain continue his research
1940 - penicillin proves effective on mine
1941 - us companies agree
- proved effective on humans and USA enters WW2
1942 - USA mass produce
1943 - Britain mass produce
1945 - Hodgkin finds its chemical structure
1951 - first chemical copy made
lung cancer - diagnosis
symptoms - persistent cough, coughing up blood, breathlessness, tiredness, weight loss, chest infections.
if suspected, CT scan given, if a mass is seen, cells taken and collected
lung cancer - treatment
surgery, removes tumour
or lung transplant
radiotherapy, shrink, or prevent growth of the tumour
chemotherapy, shrink, or prevent the cancer returning
lung cancer - prevention
tv advertising for cigarettes banned in 1965
tax on tobacco, regularly increased
2007, banned in public areas, and legal ages was raised from 16 to 18
various campaigns funded to educate people about the risks
shops cannot publically display tobacco products
packaging was graphic in 2016, no matter what brand
