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Modern Biology > Modern Biology Flashcards - L4_ Genetics > Flashcards

Modern Biology Flashcards - L4_ Genetics

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1
Q

field of biology devoted to understanding how characteristics are transmitted from parents to offspring.

A

Genetics

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2
Q

science of HEREDITY and VARIATION.

A

Genetics

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3
Q

The passing down of traits in the form of genes from parents to their children

A

Heredity

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4
Q

It is the difference in genes between individuals or groups of individuals.

A

Variation

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5
Q

a specific characteristic that varies from one individual to another.

A

Trait

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6
Q

different possibilities for a given trait.

A

Alleles

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7
Q

Every trait has at least how many alleles?

A

2

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8
Q

sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait.

A

Gene

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9
Q

Father of Genetics

A

Gregor Mendel

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10
Q

He Identified specific traits in the garden pea and studied them from one generation to another.

A

Gregor Mendel

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11
Q

3 Laws of Mendel

A

Law of Dominance, Law of Segregation, Law of Independent Assortment

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12
Q

In this law, Hybrid offspring will only inherit the dominant trait in the phenotype.

A

Law of Dominance

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13
Q

In this law, two alleles for each trait separate when gametes form, and parents pass only one allele for each trait to each offspring.

A

Law of Segregation

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14
Q

It is when the two parent differ from one another by ONE trait

A

Monohybrid Cross

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15
Q

states that the alleles of different genes are inherited independently within the organisms that reproduce sexually.”

A

law of independent assortment

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16
Q

Independent assortment takes place during the process of ___

A

Meiosis

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17
Q

states that during a haploid. DIHYBRID CROSS (crossing of two pairs of traits), an assortment of each pair of traits is independent of the other.

A

law of independent assortment

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18
Q

The genetic make up of an organism

A

Genotype

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19
Q

The gene combination an organism has

A

Genotype

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20
Q

The way an organism looks

A

Phenotype

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21
Q

The physical characteristics of an organism

A

Phenotype

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22
Q

term used to refer to an organism that has two identical alleles for a particular trait

A

homozygous

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23
Q

term used to refer to an organism that has two different alleles for the same trait

A

heterozygous

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24
Q

When one allele is NOT completely dominant over another (they blend)

A

Incomplete Dominance

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25
Q

It is when both alleles are expressed

A

Codominance

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26
Q

determines body traits

A

autosomes

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27
Q

Inability to distinguish between certain colors.

A

colorblindedness

28
Q

A condition wherein blood won’t clot

A

hemophilia

29
Q

Graphic representation of how a trait is passed from parents to offspring

A

Pedigree

30
Q

In a pedigree, what shape represents female?

A

Circle

31
Q

In a pedigree, what shape represents male?

A

Square

32
Q

In a pedigree, horizontal lines connecting a male and a female represent a ____

A

marriage

33
Q

In a pedigree, this indicates a person has the trait

A

shaded circle or square

34
Q

In a pedigree, partial shade represents a ____

A

carrier

35
Q

When one gene mutation results in two or more seemingly unrelated observable traits.

A

Pleiotropy

36
Q

describes a certain relationship between genes, where an allele of one gene hides or masks the visible output, or phenotype, of another gene.

A

Epistasis

37
Q

It can be seen in the coat color of Labrador retrievers.

A

Epistasis

38
Q

a picture of an individual’s chromosomes. It can be used to diagnose chromosomal disorders.

A

Karyotype

39
Q

a chromosome that is directly involved in determining the sex of the individual.

A

sex chromosome

40
Q

47 chromosomes, extra chromosome at pair #21

A

Down syndrome

41
Q

47 chromosomes, extra X chromosomes (XXY) that mainly affects boys, having low testosterone levels, underdeveloped muscles, sparse facial hair

A

Klinefelter’s syndrome

42
Q

only 45 chromosomes, missing a sex chromosome (X), Girls affected - short, slow growth, heart problems

A

Turner’s syndrome

43
Q

a stable, heritable change in the genetic material.

A

Mutation

44
Q

Any change in the sequence of nitrogenous bases in the DNA, any mistake in the transcription of genetic information from DNA to RNA or pairing of codon and anticodon

A

Mutation

45
Q

In this type of mutation, one base is incorrectly added during replication and replaces the pair in the corresponding position on the complementary strand.

A

Point mutation or single base pair substitution

46
Q

an example of genetic disorder that illustrates a dramatic malfunction due to a change in just a single nucleotide in the DNA.

A

Sickle Cell Anemia

47
Q

In this type of mutation, extra nucleotides are inserted into replicating DNA, often resulting in a frameshift.

A

Frameshift mutation by insertion

48
Q

One or more nucleotides is “skipped” during replication or otherwise excised, often resulting in a frameshift.

A

Frameshift mutation by deletion

49
Q

These are associated with random changes that cause errors when DNA is produced in the cell.

A

Spontaneous Mutation

50
Q

Mutations may also be induced by environmental factors called ____

A

Mutagens

51
Q

It may be in the form of radiation, chemicals, and microbial infection.

A

Mutagen

52
Q

This gene mutation involves red blood cells being sickle shaped instead of round and cannot carry enough oxygen to the body tissues - heterozygous condition protects people from malaria

A

Sickle cell anemia

53
Q

mucous builds up in the lungs

A

Cystic Fibrosis

54
Q

deterioration of the nervous system - early death

A

Tay-Sachs Disease

55
Q

an amino acid common in milk cannot be broken down and as it builds up it causes mental retardation - newborns are tested for this

A

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

56
Q

gradual deterioration of brain tissue, shows up in middle age and is fatal

A

Huntington’s Disease

57
Q

variety of skeletal abnormalities

A

Dwarfism

58
Q

In this process, a very few parent plants are chosen for breeding from a great number of individuals.

A

mass selection

59
Q

may be the oldest form of plant breeding.

A

mass selection

60
Q

crossing of two different but closely related strains.

A

Hybridization

61
Q

the opposite of hybridization.

A

Inbreeding

62
Q

Instead of crossing two parent plants, this involves self- pollination of a single parent.

A

Inbreeding

63
Q

a condition, in which more than twice the haploid number of chromosomes are present,

A

polyploidy

64
Q

Human diseases linked to point mutation/single base pair substitution

A

Albinism, Sickle Cell Anemia

65
Q

Human Diseases linked to Frameshift mutation by insertion

A

One form of beta thalassemia

Modern Biology (2 decks)

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