Moderate period

Question 1

MP - economic outcomes

Answer 1

• i. 1961-2: Grain production up from 6,000,000 tons to 10,000,000 tons.
• ii. 1963-5: Heavy industry up 17%, light industry up 27%.
• iii. 1962: 1,000,000,000 Yuan government surplus as compared to 1960’s 8,000,000,000 Yuan deficit
• iv. Full recovery from Great Leap Forward and Three Bitter Years: “The new regime seemed to be showing it could correct and learn form its mistakes and that it could work.” Chang

Question 2

MP - social outcomes

Answer 2

• “In less than a year, the people’s lives improved perceptibly.” Chang and Halliday;
• “The new regime seemed to be showing it could correct and learn form its mistakes and that it could work.” Chang
• Halved size of communes; work teams of 30 instead of work armies of thousands
• private land ownership allowed alongside communes; private production for subsistence and profit allowed

Question 3

7000 Cadres’ Conference

Answer 3

• January 1962 – enlarged Central Committee conference called to review policies of previous years; endorsed ‘Three Privates and One Guarantee’:

○ peasants continue to farm their small plots, engaged in handicrafts & sell their products (three privates), while fulfilling government production quotas (one guarantee)

• Communes reduced in size by up to one half
• farming manages in work units of 30 people
• PLA units mobilised to ditribute foodin a ‘household responsibility system’

Question 4

MP - Fenby

Answer 4

• After the decentralization and anarchy of the Leap, conformity was to rule.
• the residence systemthere was tightened up to prevent their returning to the cities; one effect was to widen further the urban-rural divide.
• for the moment, class warfare could not be allowed to impede thework of recovery

Question 5

Socialist Education Movement

Answer 5

• launched 24-27 September 1962 at Tenth Plenum of the Central Committee
• ‘Never forget class struggle’
• instill socialist values and stamp out corruption among provinicial officials
• 30% of officials corrupt
• ‘Four Clean Ups’ - communal grain holdings, allocation of work points in Commune labour, accounting procedures and care of public property
• Mao hoped that peasans would supervise officials adminestering the clean ups
• officials found it to be a ‘hardship to be endured rather than an experience to be cherished’ Immanuel Hsu

Question 6

Early Ten Points

Answer 6

• 2-27 February 1963 Central Committee released Early 10 points
• poor peasant associations mobiliesd to enact SEM, peasants masse play central role
• struggled to make headway

Question 7

Later Ten Points

Answer 7

• September 1963
• Deng Xiaoping
• work teams of reliable officials appointed by central authorities would travel to regions suspected of corrupt practice and guide the peasants in appropriate action
• resolve ‘non-antagonistic’ contradictions
• cause as little disruption to agricultural work as possible and improve regional administration through educational means

Question 8

Revised Later Ten Points

Answer 8

• 10 September 1964
• Liu Shaoqi
• larger work teams, can assume leadership if local cadres are incapable of reform
• purge of party organisations
• work teams acted in dictatorial manner, ‘human wave’, assumed the responsibilites mao had wanted peasants to assume

Question 9

Learn From the PLA

Answer 9

• launched 1 February 1964
• address the degeneration of socialist ideals within Chinese society
• Lin Biao published “Quotations from Chairman Mao Zedong’ May 1964 (40 billion copies printed)
• political commisars appointed to all levels of the military to oversee political study
• abolition of insignia and distinctions of rank
• PLA participated in cultural activities
• place emphasis on tne “four firsts” 1) the human over the material 2) ideology 3) on primacy of poltical work over other tasks 4) on the integration of theory and practice

Question 10

Learn From Lei Feng

Answer 10

• launched 5 March 1963
• The diary was full of accounts of Lei’s admiration for Mao Zedong, his selfless deeds, and his desire to foment revolutionary spirit.
• Nicholas John Cull “Lei Feng, a soldier whose diary was alleged to have been found posthumously, was touted by the party as a model citizen; his diary—almost certainly concocted by party propagandists—is filled with praise of Mao and accounts of Lei Feng’s efforts to inspire revolutionary zeal among his comrades”.

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