Models of addictive behaviour

Question 0

Biological approach to gambling: initiation

Answer 0

Black et al - first degree relatives more likely to suffer than distant

Question 1

Evaluation of biological

Answer 1

COMINGS ET AL - A1 variant of the DRD2 gene in 55% autistics, 50% gamblers, 48% smokers, 42% alcoholics and 25% controls

Question 2

Biological approach to gambling: maintenance

Answer 2

Zuckerman - under active pituitary adrenal response = high sensation seeking = low sense of risk and positive anticipation of arousal

Question 3

Biological approach to gambling: relapse

Answer 3

Blaszcynski et al - significantly higher boredom proneness levels

Question 4

Evaluation of biological approach to gambling

Answer 4

Green and Zimmerman - video gambling = compulsive in one year
Other forms (eg horses or sports) = 3 1/2+ years

Question 5

Biological approach to smoking: initiation

Answer 5

Vink et al - 44% genetic

Question 6

Biological approach to smoking: maintenance

Answer 6

Vink et al - 75% genetic

Question 7

Biological approach to smoking: relapse

Answer 7

Xian et al - 54% genetic

Question 10

Cognitive approach to gambling: initiation

Answer 10

Gelkopf et al - pathological behaviour used to treat underlying psychological symptoms

Question 11

Cognitive approach to gambling: maintenance

Answer 11

Oei and Gordon - role of cognitive distortions and irrational beliefs

Question 12

Cognitive explanation of gambling: relapse

Answer 12

Blanco et al - recall bias

Question 13

Evaluation of cognitive approach to gambling

Answer 13

Delfabbro et al - pathological gamblers just as accurate in estimating odds of winning

Question 14

Cognitive approach to smoking: initiation

Answer 14

Mermelstein et al - expectancy of positive mood states main reason

Question 15

Cognitive approach to smoking: maintenance

Answer 15

Brandon et al - conscious expectancies replaced by unconscious ones that influence activity

Question 16

Cognitive approach to smoking: relapse

Answer 16

Devries and backbier - perceptions of pros and cons of quitting affect behaviour

Question 17

Evaluation of cognitive approach to smoking

Answer 17

Moolchan et al - nicotine patches could increase cessation rates and reduce relapse rates but only when with CBT

Question 18

Evaluation of learning approach

Answer 18

Drummond et al - ‘cue exposure’ treatment

Question 19

Learning approach to gambling: initiation

Answer 19

Griffiths - physiological buzz, psychological, social and financial rewards

Question 20

Learning approach to gambling: maintenance

Answer 20

Intermittent reinforcement: Griffiths
Social approval: Lambos et al.
Negative reinforcement: Rosenthaul and Lesieur - 60% reported negative side effects

Question 21

Learning approach to gambling: relapse

Answer 21

Conditioned cues

Approach-avoidance conflict

Question 22

Evaluation of learning approach to smoking

Answer 22

Blaszcynski and Nower - 2 different pathways: emotionally vulnerable and behaviourally conditioned (least severe)

Question 23

Learning approach to smoking: initiation

Answer 23

NIDA - 90% of US smokers started at adolescents due to peers

Question 24

Learning approach to smoking: maintenance

Answer 24

Franklin et al - smoking related sensory cues become conditioned stimuli

Question 25

Learning approach to smoking: relapse

Answer 25

Hogarth et al - craving significantly increased at presentation of conditioned stimulus

Question 26

Evaluation of learning approach to smoking

Answer 26

Karcher and Finn - 1.88x more likely if parents, 2.64x more likely if siblings, 8x more likely if peers

Question 33

Evaluation of the biological approach to smoking

Answer 33

Lerman et al - asp40 gene more likely to quit than asn40

Question 34

The cognitive approach

Answer 34

Beck’s vicious cycle