Models and Theories

Question 1

Spirit, Feltovitch, Coulser

Answer 1

Theory of Cognitive flexibility
Interactive tech; present from various perspectives; avoid oversimplification; build knowledge rather than Tx info; presentation must be CONTEXT specific

Question 2

Lewin

Answer 2

Change theory
Unfreeze-motivated, resistance, need reassurance
Unfrozen-desire to change; need to answer questions, communicate well, and dispelled rumors
Refreeze-develop methods to sustain change

Question 3

Maslow

Answer 3

Hierarchy of needs
Physical, safety, love & belonging, esteem, self-actualization

Question 4

Matstrian

Answer 4

Foundation of (nursing) knowledge model
Knowledge acquisition
Knowledge processing
Knowledge dissemination
Knowledge generation
(Circular, constant feedback process)

Question 5

Norman

Answer 5

Principles of design for HIT-
Consider how constraints, both natural and artificial affect design (ie place screens where they can be seen)

Question 6

Blum’s theory

Answer 6

Information theory
DIK are processed

Question 7

Nielsen-Schneiderman

Answer 7

Heuristic categories for evaluating a product’s usability

Question 8

Roger’s

Answer 8

Diffusion of innovation theory
Innovators, early adopters, early majority, later majority, laggards

Question 9

Martha E Roger’s

Answer 9

Science of Unitary Human Beings-1980-90’s
Humans are energy fields; good health/illness part of same continuum

Question 10

Hildegard peplaw

Answer 10

Interpersonal relations model of nursing; quality of nurse-client relationships: overlapping phases (orientation, problem ID, explanation of Solution, resolution of problem)

Question 11

Dorothy Orem

Answer 11

General theory of nursing
Goal of nursing is to serve patients and assist with SELF-CARE

Question 12

Betty Newman

Answer 12

Total persons systems model
Person reacts to stress through defense mechanisms-this feedback affects stability
Concentric circles (physical, psych, social, spiritual, developmental)
Nurse helps provide stability
Interventions: primary (preventative), secondary (prevent damage), tertiary (reconstruction)

Question 13

Ida Jean Orlando

Answer 13

Nursing process theory
Behavior of pt…nursing dx…nursing intervention

Question 14

Lee Ann Hoff

Answer 14

Crisis theory of nursing
Person has crisis (health or other)…nurse (other person) provides crisis mgmt…crisis care (assess, implement, f/u)

Question 15

Claude Shannon

Answer 15

Information Theory:assess communication system-need power, bandwidth, noise, decoder/receiver;
3 steps: encode (bits, words, icons), transmission (through voice, radio, computer), decode
Signal (magnitude)/noise (interference) ratio
Channel capacity determines amt info can be transferred with smallest rate of error

Question 16

Madeline Leininger

Answer 16

Transcultural theory of nursing

Question 17

Jean Watson

Answer 17

Philosophy of Human Caring
Holistic care, health promotion, illness prevention
SPIRITUAL important

Question 18

Patricia Benner

Answer 18

Stages of (nursing) clinical competence
Novice…adv beginner…competent…proficient…expert

Question 19

Jean Piaget

Answer 19

Theory of Cognitive development
Sensorymotor (0-2yrs), pre operational (2-7), concrete (7-11), formal operation (11+)

Question 20

Eric Erikson

Answer 20

Psychosocial development model
0-1 trust vs mistrust
1-3 autonomy vs shame/doubt
3-6 initiative vs guilt
6-11 industry (confidence) vs inferiority
12-18 identity vs role confusion
Young adult-intimacy vs isolation
Mid-age: stagnation vs achievement
Old adult: integrity (ego) vs despair

Question 21

Leon Festinger

Answer 21

Theory of cognitive dissonance
People avoid conflict between beliefs and actions; if conflict occurs, belief >actions

Question 22

Bernard Weiner

Answer 22

Attribution theory-explaining behavior (observe, determine if intentional, attribute to internal or external causes); achievement attributed to effort, ability, difficulty of task, good or bad luck

Question 23

Howard Garner

Answer 23

Theory of multiple intelligence

Question 24

Ludwig von Bertalanffy

Answer 24

Systems theory-connect seemingly unrelated ideas/functions; all systems have ways of processing info; 2types: natural, designed (hybrid of human/natural)
5 elements: input, throughput, output, eval, feedback

Question 25

Murray Bowen

Answer 25

Family Systems theory-look at person in terms of fam; 8 concepts: Triangle theory: 2 against 1 Self-differentiation: varying need for approval Nuclear fam patterns-marriage or children probs Family projection-passing problems down to kids Transmission-small changes as it gets passed down to each Gen Emotional isolation-decreased fam contact Sibling order Emotional process: interactions in society result in regression/progression

Question 26

Fishbein and Ajzen

Answer 26

Theory of reasoned action-voluntary actions can be predicted 1) attitudes 2) subjective (social norms) 3) behavioral intention

Question 27

Ajzen

Answer 27

Theory of planned behavior Evolved from theory of reasoned action:behavioral intention does not necessarily lead to change: perceived behavior control

Question 28

Homans, Thibaret, Kelley

Answer 28

Social time change theory Communication is time change where people negotiate a return on investment

Question 29

Altman and Taylor

Answer 29

Social penetration theory: communication builds closeness/vulnerability with others

Question 30

Elisabeth Noelle Newman

Answer 30

Spiral of Science Theory-mass media influences communication; people fear isolation so they conform

Question 31

Ting-Toomey

Answer 31

Face negotiation theory; idea of all cx concerned with saving face affects conflict resolution; people in individualistic cx’s less compromising

Question 32

Giles

Answer 32

Communication accommodation theory (CAT)-people alter communication styles based on situation

Question 33

Cultivation Theory-effect of media on ideas and beliefs (rather than society)

Answer 33

Gerbner

Question 34

Peck

Answer 34

Theory of adult development; expanded on Eriksons middle/older adulthood

Question 35

Havighurst

Answer 35

Theory of adult development: must accomplish certain tasks in each stage of adulthood

Question 36

Knowles

Answer 36

Theory of Andragony (related to adult learning); adult learners are practical, goal oriented, knowledgeable, relevancy oriented, motivated

Question 37

Bandura

Answer 37

Theory of social learning: behavior is result of OBSERVATION To model behavior must have attention, retention, reproduction, motivation

Question 38

Systems theory

Answer 38

Interdisciplinary field of study that analyzes how a small group of things work together to produce a result

Question 39

TQM

Answer 39

Total Quality Management Fact-based decision, customer focus with employee involvement, cont QI

Question 40

FOCUS-PCDA

Answer 40

Components of improvement process Find, organize, clarify, understand, select Plan C Do Act

Question 41

Health belief model

Answer 41

1950’s predictor of preventative behavior; individual perceptions, modifying factors, likelihood of action

Question 42

FMEA

Answer 42

Failure Modes and Effects Analysis

Question 43

Models of Integration (of data analysis and research)

Answer 43

Organizational-different depts-report to 1 individual Functional coordinate-draw from same resources to determine issues r/t quality and efficiency Functional integrated-cross training; CM approach

Question 44

Complex adaptive theory

Answer 44

Agent change…system change…repea(avoid chaos by adapting) Effectiveness > efficiency

Question 45

Organizational Development (OD) model of change

Answer 45

Entire org; encourage mgr/worker relationships; everyone has common goal Study dynamics…written plan…carry out plan