Models and Theories Flashcards
Spirit, Feltovitch, Coulser
Theory of Cognitive flexibility
Interactive tech; present from various perspectives; avoid oversimplification; build knowledge rather than Tx info; presentation must be CONTEXT specific
Lewin
Change theory
Unfreeze-motivated, resistance, need reassurance
Unfrozen-desire to change; need to answer questions, communicate well, and dispelled rumors
Refreeze-develop methods to sustain change
Maslow
Hierarchy of needs
Physical, safety, love & belonging, esteem, self-actualization
Matstrian
Foundation of (nursing) knowledge model
Knowledge acquisition
Knowledge processing
Knowledge dissemination
Knowledge generation
(Circular, constant feedback process)
Norman
Principles of design for HIT-
Consider how constraints, both natural and artificial affect design (ie place screens where they can be seen)
Blum’s theory
Information theory
DIK are processed
Nielsen-Schneiderman
Heuristic categories for evaluating a product’s usability
Roger’s
Diffusion of innovation theory
Innovators, early adopters, early majority, later majority, laggards
Martha E Roger’s
Science of Unitary Human Beings-1980-90’s
Humans are energy fields; good health/illness part of same continuum
Hildegard peplaw
Interpersonal relations model of nursing; quality of nurse-client relationships: overlapping phases (orientation, problem ID, explanation of Solution, resolution of problem)
Dorothy Orem
General theory of nursing
Goal of nursing is to serve patients and assist with SELF-CARE
Betty Newman
Total persons systems model
Person reacts to stress through defense mechanisms-this feedback affects stability
Concentric circles (physical, psych, social, spiritual, developmental)
Nurse helps provide stability
Interventions: primary (preventative), secondary (prevent damage), tertiary (reconstruction)
Ida Jean Orlando
Nursing process theory
Behavior of pt…nursing dx…nursing intervention
Lee Ann Hoff
Crisis theory of nursing
Person has crisis (health or other)…nurse (other person) provides crisis mgmt…crisis care (assess, implement, f/u)
Claude Shannon
Information Theory:assess communication system-need power, bandwidth, noise, decoder/receiver;
3 steps: encode (bits, words, icons), transmission (through voice, radio, computer), decode
Signal (magnitude)/noise (interference) ratio
Channel capacity determines amt info can be transferred with smallest rate of error
Madeline Leininger
Transcultural theory of nursing
Jean Watson
Philosophy of Human Caring
Holistic care, health promotion, illness prevention
SPIRITUAL important
Patricia Benner
Stages of (nursing) clinical competence
Novice…adv beginner…competent…proficient…expert
Jean Piaget
Theory of Cognitive development
Sensorymotor (0-2yrs), pre operational (2-7), concrete (7-11), formal operation (11+)
Eric Erikson
Psychosocial development model
0-1 trust vs mistrust
1-3 autonomy vs shame/doubt
3-6 initiative vs guilt
6-11 industry (confidence) vs inferiority
12-18 identity vs role confusion
Young adult-intimacy vs isolation
Mid-age: stagnation vs achievement
Old adult: integrity (ego) vs despair
Leon Festinger
Theory of cognitive dissonance
People avoid conflict between beliefs and actions; if conflict occurs, belief >actions
Bernard Weiner
Attribution theory-explaining behavior (observe, determine if intentional, attribute to internal or external causes); achievement attributed to effort, ability, difficulty of task, good or bad luck
Howard Garner
Theory of multiple intelligence
Ludwig von Bertalanffy
Systems theory-connect seemingly unrelated ideas/functions; all systems have ways of processing info; 2types: natural, designed (hybrid of human/natural)
5 elements: input, throughput, output, eval, feedback
Murray Bowen
Family Systems theory-look at person in terms of fam; 8 concepts:
Triangle theory: 2 against 1
Self-differentiation: varying need for approval
Nuclear fam patterns-marriage or children probs
Family projection-passing problems down to kids
Transmission-small changes as it gets passed down to each Gen
Emotional isolation-decreased fam contact
Sibling order
Emotional process: interactions in society result in regression/progression
Fishbein and Ajzen
Theory of reasoned action-voluntary actions can be predicted
1) attitudes
2) subjective (social norms)
3) behavioral intention
Ajzen
Theory of planned behavior
Evolved from theory of reasoned action:behavioral intention does not necessarily lead to change: perceived behavior control
Homans, Thibaret, Kelley
Social time change theory
Communication is time change where people negotiate a return on investment
Altman and Taylor
Social penetration theory: communication builds closeness/vulnerability with others
Elisabeth Noelle Newman
Spiral of Science Theory-mass media influences communication; people fear isolation so they conform
Ting-Toomey
Face negotiation theory; idea of all cx concerned with saving face affects conflict resolution; people in individualistic cx’s less compromising
Giles
Communication accommodation theory (CAT)-people alter communication styles based on situation
Cultivation Theory-effect of media on ideas and beliefs (rather than society)
Gerbner
Peck
Theory of adult development; expanded on Eriksons middle/older adulthood
Havighurst
Theory of adult development: must accomplish certain tasks in each stage of adulthood
Knowles
Theory of Andragony (related to adult learning); adult learners are practical, goal oriented, knowledgeable, relevancy oriented, motivated
Bandura
Theory of social learning: behavior is result of OBSERVATION
To model behavior must have attention, retention, reproduction, motivation
Systems theory
Interdisciplinary field of study that analyzes how a small group of things work together to produce a result
TQM
Total Quality Management
Fact-based decision, customer focus with employee involvement, cont QI
FOCUS-PCDA
Components of improvement process
Find, organize, clarify, understand, select
Plan
C
Do
Act
Health belief model
1950’s predictor of preventative behavior; individual perceptions, modifying factors, likelihood of action
FMEA
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis
Models of Integration (of data analysis and research)
Organizational-different depts-report to 1 individual
Functional coordinate-draw from same resources to determine issues r/t quality and efficiency
Functional integrated-cross training; CM approach
Complex adaptive theory
Agent change…system change…repea(avoid chaos by adapting)
Effectiveness > efficiency
Organizational Development (OD) model of change
Entire org; encourage mgr/worker relationships; everyone has common goal
Study dynamics…written plan…carry out plan
