Models

Question 1

Schiwirianʼs model (1986)

Answer 1

Saw nursing informatics as

involving the identification of
information needs
resolution of the needs, and
attainment of nursing goals/objectives

Schwirian proposed a model intended to

stimulate and guide systematic research in nursing informatics

enable the identification of
significant information needs, that can foster research

Question 2

Turleyʼs model (1996)

Answer 2

Saw nursing informatics as

the intersection between the
discipline
-specific nursing science and the area of
informatics.

The core components of informatics identified were:

cognitive science
information science and
computer science

represented by overlapping circles.

Question 3

The Data Information Knowledge

(D-I-K) model

Answer 3

NI is a specialty that integrates nursing science, computer science and information science

to manage and communicate
data, information, knowledge and wisdom into nursing
practice(ANA)

Nursing informatics is an evolving, dynamic process involving the conversion of data into information, and subsequently
knowledge

Important Note: Processing of information does not always result in the development of knowledge.

Question 4

Bennerʼs Novice to Expert model

Answer 4

every nurse must be able to continuously

exhibit the capability to acquire skills
(in this case, computer literacy skills
parallel with nursing knowledge), and then

demonstrate specific skills
beginning with the very first student experience and move from novice
to expert.

Question 5

Benner 5 levels of competence.

Answer 5

Novice– individuals with no experience of situations and related content in those situations where they are expected to
perform tasks

Advanced Beginner – marginally demonstrate acceptable performance having built on lessons learned in their expanding experience base; needs supervision

Competent– enhanced mastery and the ability to cope with and manage many contingencies

Proficient– evolution through continuous practice of skills, combined with professional experience and knowledge; individual who appreciates standards of practice as they apply in nursing informatics

Expert– individual with mastery of the concept and capacity to intuitively understand the situation and immediately target the problem with minimal effort or problems