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ecology > Modelling Predation > Flashcards

Modelling Predation Flashcards

1
Q

What is Constitutive Defences?

A

Structure on its body are always present

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2
Q

What is Induced Defences?

A

Only develops when it detects a threat

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3
Q

What are the Structural Defences of Plants?

A

Thorns, Spines and Trichomes

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4
Q

Thorns

A

modified branches

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5
Q

Spines

A

modified leaves

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6
Q

Trichomes

A
  • little hairs that grow on a plant
    • deter small herbivores
    • depending upon stiffness, large herbivores
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7
Q

Chemical Defence: Aposematism

A

warning colouration to warm off a predator

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8
Q

Chemical Defence: Batesian Mimicry

A
  • organisms evolve similar markings to Unrelated unpalatable/poisonous species
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9
Q

Chemical Defence: Mullerian Mimicry

A
  • co-occurring species evolve similar warning colours
  • All unpalatable/poisonous
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10
Q

What are the consequences to reduced activity in the presence of predators?

A

low food = can’t produce much colour red to warn off predators
High food = produces red (bright) so it warns off predators

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11
Q

Co-evolutionary Arms Race

A

constant evolution of new defences by prey = ability to overcome defences by predators

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12
Q

Do predators also evolve?

A

when a prey evolve to less predation but predator would evolve again by overcoming that evolution produced by the prey and this goes in circle

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13
Q

Learned Delayed Density Dependence causes population cycling to

A
  • overshoot carrying capacity
  • Delayed response to changing resource availability
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14
Q

Prey Population (N): (dN/dt) = rN - cNP

A
  • (dN/dt) : change in prey population
  • rN: growth of prey pop’n
  • c: capture efficiency
  • NP: encounter rate b/w predator and prey
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15
Q

Predator Population (P): (dP/dt) = acNP - mP

A
  • (dP/dt): change in predator population
  • a: efficiency of converting food/prey into offspring
  • cNP: # of prey consumed
  • mP: mortality rate of predators
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16
Q

Prey Population will be stable when rN - cNP =

A

0 (zero)

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17
Q

Stability occurs when growth rate =

A

predation rate

18
Q

P = r/c represents

A

number of predators = prey growth/ predator capture efficiency

19
Q

P < r/c means Prey population

A

increases

20
Q

P>r/c means Prey population

A

decreases

21
Q

Predators population: N = m/ac represents

A
  • number of prey
22
Q

N = m/ac would only represents stability when

A

when prey is sufficient to support predator mortality / addition of new predators

23
Q

N > m/ac means Predators population

A

increases

24
Q

N < m/ac means predators population

A

decreases

25
Q

graph in Horizontal direction: Top box is

A

more predators = prey decline

26
Q

graph in Horizontal direction: bottom box is

A

less predators - prey increase

27
Q

Equilibrium/zero growth isocline

A

how many predators needs to be present in an area for the prey population to be stable

28
Q

graph in Vertical direction: Left box is

A

less prey = predators decreases

29
Q

graph in Vertical direction: Right box is

A

more prey = predators increase

30
Q

Joint Population Trajectory

A

how a change in one population affects the other

31
Q

Yellow zone (bottom left box)

A

predator and prey populations are both Increasing;
an increase in the prey population allows an increase in the predator population

32
Q

Green zone (top right box)

A

predators still have enough prey to feed on, but prey population decreases; an increase in the predator population causes a decline in the prey population

33
Q

Blue zone (Top left box)

A

not enough prey to support predator population; a decrease in the prey population causes a decrease in the predator population

34
Q

Green zone (Bottom left box)

A

a decrease in the predator population allows an increase in the prey population

35
Q

Lotka-Volteraa Models of Predator-Prey Interactions does not

A
  • account for density-dependent factors or any effects of delayed density dependence
  • account for often complex foraging strategies of predators
36
Q

What is Functional Responses?

A

How a predator rate of food changes depending how their food consumption changes
- Prey density vs rate of food consumption

37
Q

TYPE I Functional responses

A
  • linear consumption until satiation
  • rare
38
Q

TYPE II Functional responses

A
  • consumption slows as satiation approaches, as they consume more, handling time increases
39
Q

TYPE III Functional responses

A
  • consumption greatest at moderate prey densities, slows as satiation approaches
40
Q

Why is consumption also slow at low prey densities?

A
  • prey hide in refuge ( small population, so its easier for them to hide from predators)
  • predators are not well practiced at catching prey when density is low
  • prey switching to what is more abundant

ecology (4 decks)

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