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Network Baics > Model OSI > Flashcards

Model OSI Flashcards

1
Q

What does the Physical Layer of the OSI model do?

A

It is responsible for the transmission and reception of raw data bits over a physical medium.

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2
Q

Name three types of cables used in the Physical Layer.

A

Ethernet cables, fiber optic cables, coaxial cables.

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3
Q

What devices operate at the Physical Layer?

A

Hubs, repeaters, and network interface cards (NICs).

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4
Q

What is the role of the Physical Layer in wireless communication?

A

It manages the transmission of signals over wireless media like Wi-Fi and Bluetooth.

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5
Q

What is the signal format in the Physical Layer?

A

Data is transmitted as electrical signals, light pulses, or radio waves.

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6
Q

What is the primary responsibility of the Data Link Layer?

A

It is responsible for error detection, frame synchronization, and flow control for reliable data transfer over a link.

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7
Q

Name two protocols used in the Data Link Layer.

A

Ethernet, PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol).

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8
Q

What does the MAC address refer to in the Data Link Layer?

A

It is a unique identifier assigned to a network interface card (NIC) used for communication on the Data Link Layer.

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9
Q

What is a frame in the context of the Data Link Layer?

A

A frame is a unit of data that includes both the payload and the necessary addressing information for data transmission.

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10
Q

What is CSMA/CD in the Data Link Layer?

A

CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection) is a protocol for managing access to a shared communication medium to avoid collisions.

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11
Q

What is the main role of the Network Layer?

A

It is responsible for routing data between different networks and devices, ensuring it reaches the correct destination.

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12
Q

What protocol is most commonly associated with the Network Layer?

A

IP (Internet Protocol).

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13
Q

What is the difference between IPv4 and IPv6?

A

IPv4 uses 32-bit addresses, while IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses, allowing for a much larger address space.

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14
Q

Name a device that operates at the Network Layer.

A

Routers.

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15
Q

What is routing in the Network Layer?

A

Routing is the process of determining the optimal path for data to travel from the source to the destination across multiple networks.

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16
Q

What is the primary function of the Transport Layer?

A

It ensures reliable data transfer by providing error control, flow control, and data segmentation.

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17
Q

Name two common transport layer protocols.

A

TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) and UDP (User Datagram Protocol).

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18
Q

What is the difference between TCP and UDP?

A

TCP provides reliable, connection-oriented communication with error correction, while UDP is connectionless and faster but without error correction.

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19
Q

What are ports used for in the Transport Layer?

A

Ports are used to identify specific services or applications running on a device, such as HTTP (port 80) or HTTPS (port 443).

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20
Q

What is segmentation in the Transport Layer?

A

Segmentation is the process of breaking larger data into smaller packets, making it easier to transmit over the network.

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21
Q

What does the Session Layer manage?

A

It manages sessions between applications, including establishing, maintaining, and terminating communication sessions.

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22
Q

Name one protocol that operates at the Session Layer.

A

NetBIOS (Network Basic Input/Output System).

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23
Q

What is a session in networking?

A

A session is a temporary connection established between two devices for communication, typically lasting for the duration of a transfer or session.

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24
Q

How does the Session Layer manage session synchronization?

A

It uses checkpoints to synchronize the data transfer during long sessions.

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25
Q

What is the role of dialog control in the Session Layer?

A

Dialog control ensures that communication between devices is orderly, managing whether communication is full-duplex or half-duplex.

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26
Q

What is the function of the Presentation Layer?

A

It translates, encrypts, and compresses data to ensure it is in a format that the application can process.

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27
Q

Name two examples of data encoding schemes used in the Presentation Layer.

A

ASCII and EBCDIC.

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28
Q

What is SSL/TLS used for in the Presentation Layer?

A

SSL/TLS is used for securing communication by encrypting data between two devices.

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29
Q

What is the role of compression in the Presentation Layer?

A

Compression reduces the size of the data to save bandwidth and improve transmission speed.

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30
Q

Name one format used in the Presentation Layer to represent data.

A

XML (eXtensible Markup Language).

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31
Q

What is the main role of the Application Layer?

A

It provides network services directly to end users and applications, such as email, file transfer, and web browsing.

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32
Q

Name three protocols used in the Application Layer.

A

HTTP, FTP, SMTP.

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33
Q

What is the role of DNS (Domain Name System) in the Application Layer?

A

DNS translates domain names (like www.example.com) into IP addresses.

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34
Q

Are software applications (e.g., web browsers, email clients) part of the Application Layer?

A

No, they are not part of the Application Layer, but they depend on the protocols provided by the Application Layer for communication.

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35
Q

Name one example of an email client that relies on the Application Layer for communication.

A

Outlook or Thunderbird.

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36
Q

Which OSI layer does a Fiber Optic Cable belong to?

A

Physical Layer.

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37
Q

In which OSI layer do Hubs operate?

A

Physical Layer.

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38
Q

A Network Interface Card (NIC) operates at which OSI layer?

A

Physical Layer.

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39
Q

Which OSI layer does Bluetooth belong to?

A

Physical Layer.

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40
Q

A Repeater operates at which OSI layer?

A

Physical Layer.

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41
Q

Which OSI layer does the Ethernet protocol belong to?

A

Data Link Layer.

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42
Q

In which OSI layer does a Switch operate?

A

Data Link Layer.

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43
Q

What OSI layer does the MAC address work at?

A

Data Link Layer.

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44
Q

Which OSI layer does PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol) operate in?

A

Data Link Layer.

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45
Q

In which OSI layer does the ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) work?

A

Data Link Layer.

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46
Q

Which OSI layer does the Internet Protocol (IP) belong to?

A

Network Layer.

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47
Q

A Router operates at which OSI layer?

A

Network Layer.

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48
Q

Which OSI layer does the Routing Information Protocol (RIP) operate in?

A

Network Layer.

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49
Q

What OSI layer does the ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) belong to?

A

Network Layer.

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50
Q

Which OSI layer is responsible for IP address assignment?

A

Network Layer.

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51
Q

Which OSI layer does the TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) belong to?

A

Transport Layer.

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52
Q

A Load Balancer operates at which OSI layer?

A

Transport Layer.

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53
Q

Which OSI layer does the UDP (User Datagram Protocol) belong to?

A

Transport Layer.

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53
Q

What OSI layer does the SCTP (Stream Control Transmission Protocol) work at?

A

Transport Layer.

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54
Q

Which OSI layer is responsible for ensuring end-to-end communication between devices?

A

Transport Layer.

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55
Q

Which OSI layer does the NetBIOS protocol operate in?

A

Session Layer.

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56
Q

A Session Border Controller (SBC) works at which OSI layer?

A

Session Layer.

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57
Q

Which OSI layer manages the establishment, maintenance, and termination of communication sessions?

A

Session Layer.

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58
Q

Which OSI layer does the RPC (Remote Procedure Call) protocol work at?

A

Session Layer.

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59
Q

In which OSI layer does data synchronization between two devices occur?

A

Session Layer.

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60
Q

Which OSI layer does the SSL/TLS protocol operate in?

A

Presentation Layer.

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61
Q

What OSI layer does the JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group) format belong to?

A

Presentation Layer.

62
Q

A Data Compression algorithm works at which OSI layer?

A

Presentation Layer.

63
Q

Which OSI layer does the ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) character encoding belong to?

A

Presentation Layer.

64
Q

Which OSI layer handles encryption of sensitive data?

A

Presentation Layer.

65
Q

Which OSI layer does HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) belong to?

A

Application Layer.

66
Q

In which OSI layer does the SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) operate?

A

Application Layer.

67
Q

A Web Browser operates at which OSI layer?

A

Application Layer.

68
Q

Which OSI layer does the FTP (File Transfer Protocol) belong to?

A

Application Layer.

69
Q

Which OSI layer does the DNS (Domain Name System) protocol work in?

A

Application Layer.

70
Q

What is the transport unit of the Physical Layer?

A

Bits. In this layer, data is transmitted as a sequence of bits (ones and zeros) across the physical medium.

71
Q

What is the transport unit of the Data Link Layer?

A

Frame. The Data Link Layer groups bits into frames, which are the units of transmission at this layer.

72
Q

What is the transport unit of the Network Layer?

A

Packet. The Network Layer divides frames into packets, which are routed across different networks.

73
Q

What is the transport unit of the Transport Layer?

A

Segment. In this layer, packets are divided into segments, which are reliably transmitted between devices with error control and flow control.

74
Q

What is the transport unit of the Session Layer?

A

Data. The Session Layer manages the data exchange between applications on different machines, but it does not have a specific transport unit as its primary role is to control the session flow.

75
Q

What is the transport unit of the Presentation Layer?

A

Data. Similar to the Session Layer, the Presentation Layer deals with data that is formatted, encrypted, or compressed. It does not have a specific transport unit.

76
Q

What is the transport unit of the Application Layer?

A

Data. The Application Layer deals with the data generated by applications, which is transported through the lower layers of the network. It does not have a specific transport unit, as it depends on the protocols used by the application.

77
Q

Wich is the most important routing protocol?

A

BGP (Border Gateway Protocol)

78
Q

What type of media does the Physical Layer use for data transmission?

A

Copper cables (Ethernet), fiber-optic cables, wireless radio waves, etc.

79
Q

Which devices operate at the Physical Layer?

A

Hubs, repeaters, network adapters, and cables.

80
Q

What is the main function of the Physical Layer?

A

It transmits raw binary data (bits) over a physical medium.

81
Q

What does the Physical Layer convert data into?

A

It converts data into electrical signals, light signals, or radio waves, depending on the medium used.

82
Q

What is the main responsibility of the Physical Layer regarding the transmission of bits?

A

It defines the transmission method (electrical, optical, or radio signals) and the data rate (how fast the bits are transmitted).

83
Q

What is the main unit of data used by the Data Link Layer?

A

Frame. The Data Link Layer encapsulates data into frames for transmission.

84
Q

What is the function of the Data Link Layer in terms of error control?

A

It performs error detection and error correction to ensure data integrity.

85
Q

Which devices operate at the Data Link Layer?

A

Switches, network interface cards (NICs), bridges.

86
Q

What does the Data Link Layer do with the packets from the Network Layer?

A

It encapsulates packets into frames and adds physical addressing information (MAC addresses).

87
Q

How does the Data Link Layer help with flow control?

A

It manages data flow between devices to prevent congestion by using techniques like backpressure and windowing.

88
Q

What is the main unit of data used by the Network Layer?

A

Packet. The Network Layer takes data from the Data Link Layer and organizes it into packets for routing.

89
Q

Which devices operate at the Network Layer?

A

Routers, layer 3 switches.

90
Q

What is the primary function of the Network Layer?

A

It is responsible for routing packets across different networks and determining the best path to reach the destination.

91
Q

What protocol does the Network Layer use for addressing devices on different networks?

A

IP (Internet Protocol). It assigns unique IP addresses to devices for identification.

92
Q

What is the purpose of routing in the Network Layer?

A

Routing determines the best path for data packets to travel across the network, ensuring that they reach their destination.

93
Q

What is the purpose of DHCP?

A

DHCP dynamically assigns IP addresses and other network configuration parameters to devices on a network.

94
Q

What are the key components involved in the DHCP process?

A

DHCP Discover, DHCP Offer, DHCP Request, and DHCP Acknowledgment.

95
Q

What port does DHCP use for communication?

A

DHCP uses UDP ports 67 and 68.

96
Q

What is the main benefit of using DHCP in a network?

A

It automates the assignment of IP addresses, making network management easier.

97
Q

How does DHCP ensure that IP addresses are unique within a network?

A

DHCP uses a pool of available IP addresses and ensures no two devices are assigned the same address within the lease period.

98
Q

What is the main function of DNS?

A

DNS resolves human-readable domain names (like www.example.com) into IP addresses.

99
Q

What type of DNS record is used to resolve a domain to an IPv4 address?

A

A (Address) Record.

100
Q

What is a DNS cache?

A

A temporary storage location where DNS records are kept to speed up the process of resolving domain names.

101
Q

What does the “TTL” (Time To Live) field in a DNS record indicate?

A

It specifies how long the DNS record is valid and can be cached before a new lookup is required.

102
Q

What is the difference between an authoritative DNS server and a recursive DNS server?

A

An authoritative server stores the original DNS records for domains, while a recursive server queries DNS records on behalf of clients and caches the results.

103
Q

What is the main purpose of HTTP?

A

HTTP is a protocol used for transferring hypertext (web pages) over the internet.

104
Q

What port does HTTP use?

A

HTTP uses port 80.

105
Q

What is the main difference between HTTP and HTTPS?

A

HTTPS encrypts data with SSL/TLS, while HTTP transmits data in plain text.

106
Q

What are HTTP methods, and can you name some of them?

A

HTTP methods define actions for interacting with resources. Common ones include GET, POST, PUT, DELETE, and HEAD.

107
Q

What is an HTTP status code?

A

An HTTP status code is a three-digit code returned by the server indicating the result of the request (e.g., 404 Not Found, 200 OK).

108
Q

What is the main characteristic of TCP?

A

TCP is a connection-oriented protocol that ensures reliable delivery of data.

109
Q

What is a TCP segment?

A

A TCP segment is a unit of data transmitted by the TCP protocol, containing a header and the actual data.

110
Q

How does TCP establish a connection between devices?

A

TCP uses a three-way handshake to establish a connection.

111
Q

What are the three steps in the TCP three-way handshake?

A

SYN, SYN-ACK, ACK.

112
Q

What is the purpose of the TCP sliding window mechanism?

A

It controls the flow of data and ensures that the sender does not overwhelm the receiver.

113
Q

What is the main characteristic of UDP?

A

UDP is a connectionless protocol that does not guarantee the delivery of data, making it faster but less reliable than TCP.

114
Q

What is the advantage of using UDP over TCP?

A

UDP has lower overhead and faster transmission, making it ideal for real-time applications like streaming.

115
Q

What port does UDP typically use for DNS queries?

A

UDP port 53.

116
Q

How does UDP handle data transmission?

A

UDP sends data packets without establishing a connection, and it does not perform error checking or correction.

117
Q

In which situations is UDP typically used?

A

UDP is used in applications like video streaming, online gaming, and VoIP (Voice over IP).

118
Q

What is the maximum number of unique addresses in IPv4?

A

IPv4 can support up to 4.3 billion unique addresses (2^32).

119
Q

What is the size of an IPv4 address?

A

An IPv4 address is 32 bits long, usually written as four octets (e.g., 192.168.1.1).

120
Q

What is the range of IPv4 private addresses?

A

Private IPv4 addresses include the ranges:
10.0.0.0 – 10.255.255.255
172.16.0.0 – 172.31.255.255
192.168.0.0 – 192.168.255.255

121
Q

What is the role of a subnet mask in IPv4?

A

A subnet mask defines the network portion and host portion of an IPv4 address.

122
Q

What is NAT (Network Address Translation) in IPv4?

A

NAT allows multiple devices on a private network to share a single public IPv4 address for accessing the internet.

123
Q

What is the main difference between IPv4 and IPv6?

A

IPv6 uses a 128-bit address, which allows for a significantly larger address space compared to IPv4’s 32-bit address.

124
Q

What is the size of an IPv6 address?

A

An IPv6 address is 128 bits long, typically written in eight groups of four hexadecimal digits.

125
Q

What is the purpose of IPv6 address notation with colons (e.g., 2001:0db8::1)?

A

IPv6 addresses are written in hexadecimal format, and leading zeros in each block can be omitted for simplicity, and consecutive zero blocks can be represented with a double colon.

126
Q

How does IPv6 handle address autoconfiguration?

A

IPv6 can automatically configure itself using SLAAC (Stateless Address Autoconfiguration).

127
Q

What is the role of IPv6 in solving IPv4 address exhaustion?

A

IPv6 provides a much larger address space, ensuring there are enough IP addresses for the growing number of devices connected to the internet.

128
Q

What is the primary function of ICMP?

A

ICMP is used for error reporting and diagnostic functions, such as the ping command.

129
Q

What is an example of an ICMP message?

A

Echo Request and Echo Reply messages, used for pinging.

130
Q

What does an ICMP “Destination Unreachable” message indicate?

A

It indicates that a packet could not reach its destination for various reasons, such as a network or host being unreachable.

131
Q

What is the ICMP message type for a “time exceeded” error?

A

The Time Exceeded message is sent when a packet’s TTL (Time to Live) expires.

132
Q

How does ICMP help with troubleshooting network issues?

A

ICMP tools like ping and traceroute help identify connectivity problems and network latency.

133
Q

What is the purpose of ARP?

A

ARP maps an IP address to a MAC address on a local network.

134
Q

What does an ARP request contain?

A

An ARP request contains the sender’s MAC address, sender’s IP address, and the target’s IP address.

135
Q

What is the role of the ARP table?

A

The ARP table stores mappings of IP addresses to MAC addresses, helping devices to resolve addresses without broadcasting ARP requests.

136
Q

What happens when an ARP request cannot find the target MAC address?

A

The device will typically broadcast an ARP request to all devices on the local network.

137
Q

What is an ARP cache timeout?

A

An ARP cache timeout is the duration for which an IP-to-MAC address mapping is stored before it is refreshed.

138
Q

What is the primary function of RARP?

A

RARP is used to map a MAC address to an IP address, typically used by diskless devices to obtain an IP address.

139
Q

Why is RARP considered obsolete today?

A

RARP has been replaced by BOOTP and DHCP, which provide more functionality and are more efficient.

140
Q

What type of routing protocol is RIP?

A

RIP is a distance-vector routing protocol that uses hop count as its metric.

141
Q

What is the maximum hop count in RIP?

A

The maximum hop count in RIP is 15, which means any network farther than 15 hops is considered unreachable.

142
Q

What type of routing protocol is OSPF?

A

OSPF is a link-state routing protocol that uses a more sophisticated algorithm (Dijkstra) to determine the best path.

143
Q

What does the subnet mask 255.255.255.0 represent in CIDR notation?

A

he subnet mask 255.255.255.0 is represented as /24 in CIDR notation, meaning the first 24 bits are used for the network portion.

144
Q

How can you determine the network address of an IP address using a subnet mask?

A

Perform a bitwise AND operation between the IP address and the subnet mask to determine the network address.

145
Q

What is the purpose of the network address in IPv4?

A

The network address identifies the specific network to which a host belongs, used by routers to determine the path for data transmission.

146
Q

How does a device use a subnet mask to communicate with another device in the same network?

A

The device uses the subnet mask to determine if the destination IP address is within the same network; if yes, it sends data directly to the destination device.

147
Q

What is a broadcast address in IPv4, and how is it determined?

A

The broadcast address is used to send data to all devices in a subnet. It is determined by setting all the host bits in the IP address to 1.

148
Q

Given the IP address 192.168.1.1 and subnet mask 255.255.255.0, what is the network address?

A

The network address is 192.168.1.0.

149
Q

How do you calculate the number of subnets in an IPv4 network?

A

The number of subnets can be calculated by using the formula
2^𝑛 , where n is the number of bits borrowed from the host portion of the address for subnetting.

150
Q

What is a supernet in IPv4?

A

A supernet is a network created by aggregating multiple smaller networks into a larger network, typically used in classless inter-domain routing (CIDR).

151
Q

If you have a subnet mask of 255.255.255.192, how many subnets can you create from the original network?

A

The subnet mask 255.255.255.192 corresponds to /26 in CIDR notation, which allows for 4 subnets (since 2^2=4)

152
Q

What is the difference between a /24 and a /30 subnet in terms of the number of hosts?

A

A /24 subnet allows for 254 hosts, while a /30 subnet only allows for 2 hosts (typically used for point-to-point links).

153
Q

What is the significance of the first and last IP addresses in any subnet?

A

The first IP address in a subnet is the network address, and the last IP address is the broadcast address. Both cannot be assigned to hosts in the network.

Network Baics (10 decks)

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