model organisms Flashcards
A model organism is a _________________ that is extensively studied to understand basic biological phenomena, with the expectation that discoveries made in the model organism can be _________________ to other species, including ______________
-non human species
-extrapolated
-humans
Typical Characteristics of Model Organisms:
_____ adult size
small adult size
Typical Characteristics of Model Organisms:
_____ development with ______ life cycles
rapid
short
Typical Characteristics of Model Organisms:
Can be ______ in large numbers
breed
Typical Characteristics of Model Organisms:
_________ available and ___________ maintenance
readily
inexpensive
Typical Characteristics of Model Organisms:
Similar __________ or similar-sized ___________ to humans
genes
genomes
Typical Characteristics of Model Organisms:
Tractability to _______________________
experimental methodology
Bacteria as a model organism:
The foundations of molecular biology were based on studies of __________
bacteria
Yeast as a model organism:
system?
Eukaryotic
Yeast as a model organism:
Signaling molecules and cell cycle are nearly________
similar
Yeast as a model organism:
Good model system to understand many human diseases including ___________
cancer
Yeast as a model organism:
Ease of genetic manipulation allows its use for ____________ and functionally dissecting _______ products from other _______________
analyzing
gene
eukaryotes
Yeast as a model organism:
_______ decade ________ nobel prizes were awarded for discoveries involving ________
Last
Four
Yeast
Cellular contents, excluding the chromosomes, are duplicated
G1
Cell Cycle arrest
G0
Each of the 46 chromosomes is duplicated by the cell
S
The cell “double checks” the duplicated chromosomes for error, making any needed repairs
G2
One of the best characterized multicellular animal at the level of genomics, genetics, embryology.
Caenorhabditis elegans
C. elegans:
It’s genome is fully ___________
sequenced
C. elegans has a _____ ______ of organ systems, has complex sensory systems, shows coordinated behavior, and it is possible to trace the ________ of everyone of its approx _________ constituent cells
full set
lineage
1000
C. elegans Life Cycle and Research
A. Developmental and Cell Biology
B. Neurobiology
C. Aging
D. Human disease studies
Another term for Fruit Fly
Drosophila Melanogaster
A versatile model organism that has been used extensively for biomedical research
Easy to manipulate genetic system and can be used to study development, physiology and behavior
Fruit Fly
Biological complexity comparable to that of a _______
mammal
Fruit Fly: Many organ systems in mammals have well- conserved ______________ in drosophila
homologous
Small size, short life cycle, ease of culture, and ability to readily produce mutations relevant to human health and disease
Danio Rerio
The __________ development can be seen through its transparent _______ and closely resembles that of higher ____________
embryonic
egg
vertebrates
Danio Rerio: other shared features with humans include:
blood, kidney, and optical systems
Danio Rerio: It’s _______ is half the size of the __________ and human genomes, which is valuable in identification of key ____________ genes
genome
mouse
vertebrate
Development in ex vivo
Entire initial development is transparent
Danio Rerio
Danio Rerio: _______ hrs is enough for the development of most of the organ system
48
provides an excellent model system for studying the development of higher vertebrates wherein growth accompanies morphogenesis
chick embryo
Closest mammalian model organism to humans
Mus Musculus (Mouse)
-Small flowering plant
-Has a small genome relative to other plants and is easily grown underlaboratory conditions
-Amenable to some genetics particularly generation of transgenics
- Allows insight into numerous features of plant biology, including those of significant value to agriculture, energy, environment, and human health.
Arabidopsis Thaliana (Thale Cress)
other term for thale cress
arabidopsis thaliana
Limitations:
1. Limited External
2. Morphology
3. Less similar to human
4. Some embryological
5. Manipulations Difficult
C. elegans
Limitation:
1. Unicellular
2. No Distinct Tissues
Yeast
Limitations:
1. Embryological manipulations difficult
2. Targeted gene disruption still difficult although possible
Yeast
Limitations:
1. Classic genetics difficult
2. Early acting mutant
3. phenotypes difficult to study
4. Embryonic manipulations difficult
5. Development and life cycle relatively slow
Mouse
Limitations:
1. Not yet trivial to clone genes
2. Transgenics not trivial
3. No Targeted gene disruption
Zebra Fish
Limitations: Embryoloical manipulations non trivial
Thale Cress
Limitations:
1. Limited Genetics
2. Genome Sequenced
Chick/Chick Embryo
Organism: Colon Cancer and other cancers
E. coli
Organism: Cancer, Werner syndrome
S. cerevisiae
Organism: Disorders of the nervous system, cancer
D. melanogaster
Organism: Diabetes
C. elegans
Organism: Cardiovascular disease
D. rerio
Organism: Lesch-Nyhan disease, cystic fibrosis, fragile-X syndrome, and many other diseases
M. musculus
