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CYTO > model organisms > Flashcards

model organisms Flashcards

1
Q

A model organism is a _________________ that is extensively studied to understand basic biological phenomena, with the expectation that discoveries made in the model organism can be _________________ to other species, including ______________

A

-non human species
-extrapolated
-humans

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2
Q

Typical Characteristics of Model Organisms:
_____ adult size

A

small adult size

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3
Q

Typical Characteristics of Model Organisms:
_____ development with ______ life cycles

A

rapid
short

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4
Q

Typical Characteristics of Model Organisms:
Can be ______ in large numbers

A

breed

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5
Q

Typical Characteristics of Model Organisms:
_________ available and ___________ maintenance

A

readily
inexpensive

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6
Q

Typical Characteristics of Model Organisms:
Similar __________ or similar-sized ___________ to humans

A

genes
genomes

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7
Q

Typical Characteristics of Model Organisms:
Tractability to _______________________

A

experimental methodology

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8
Q

Bacteria as a model organism:
The foundations of molecular biology were based on studies of __________

A

bacteria

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9
Q

Yeast as a model organism:
system?

A

Eukaryotic

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10
Q

Yeast as a model organism:
Signaling molecules and cell cycle are nearly________

A

similar

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11
Q

Yeast as a model organism:
Good model system to understand many human diseases including ___________

A

cancer

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12
Q

Yeast as a model organism:
Ease of genetic manipulation allows its use for ____________ and functionally dissecting _______ products from other _______________

A

analyzing
gene
eukaryotes

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13
Q

Yeast as a model organism:
_______ decade ________ nobel prizes were awarded for discoveries involving ________

A

Last
Four
Yeast

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14
Q

Cellular contents, excluding the chromosomes, are duplicated

A

G1

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15
Q

Cell Cycle arrest

A

G0

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16
Q

Each of the 46 chromosomes is duplicated by the cell

A

S

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17
Q

The cell “double checks” the duplicated chromosomes for error, making any needed repairs

A

G2

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18
Q

One of the best characterized multicellular animal at the level of genomics, genetics, embryology.

A

Caenorhabditis elegans

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19
Q

C. elegans:
It’s genome is fully ___________

A

sequenced

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20
Q

C. elegans has a _____ ______ of organ systems, has complex sensory systems, shows coordinated behavior, and it is possible to trace the ________ of everyone of its approx _________ constituent cells

A

full set
lineage
1000

21
Q

C. elegans Life Cycle and Research

A

A. Developmental and Cell Biology
B. Neurobiology
C. Aging
D. Human disease studies

22
Q

Another term for Fruit Fly

A

Drosophila Melanogaster

23
Q

A versatile model organism that has been used extensively for biomedical research

Easy to manipulate genetic system and can be used to study development, physiology and behavior

A

Fruit Fly

24
Q

Biological complexity comparable to that of a _______

A

mammal

25
Q

Fruit Fly: Many organ systems in mammals have well- conserved ______________ in drosophila

A

homologous

26
Q

Small size, short life cycle, ease of culture, and ability to readily produce mutations relevant to human health and disease

A

Danio Rerio

27
Q

The __________ development can be seen through its transparent _______ and closely resembles that of higher ____________

A

embryonic
egg
vertebrates

28
Q

Danio Rerio: other shared features with humans include:

A

blood, kidney, and optical systems

29
Q

Danio Rerio: It’s _______ is half the size of the __________ and human genomes, which is valuable in identification of key ____________ genes

A

genome
mouse
vertebrate

30
Q

Development in ex vivo
Entire initial development is transparent

A

Danio Rerio

31
Q

Danio Rerio: _______ hrs is enough for the development of most of the organ system

A

48

32
Q

provides an excellent model system for studying the development of higher vertebrates wherein growth accompanies morphogenesis

A

chick embryo

33
Q

Closest mammalian model organism to humans

A

Mus Musculus (Mouse)

34
Q

-Small flowering plant
-Has a small genome relative to other plants and is easily grown underlaboratory conditions
-Amenable to some genetics particularly generation of transgenics
- Allows insight into numerous features of plant biology, including those of significant value to agriculture, energy, environment, and human health.

A

Arabidopsis Thaliana (Thale Cress)

35
Q

other term for thale cress

A

arabidopsis thaliana

36
Q

Limitations:
1. Limited External
2. Morphology
3. Less similar to human
4. Some embryological
5. Manipulations Difficult

A

C. elegans

37
Q

Limitation:
1. Unicellular
2. No Distinct Tissues

A

Yeast

38
Q

Limitations:
1. Embryological manipulations difficult
2. Targeted gene disruption still difficult although possible

A

Yeast

39
Q

Limitations:
1. Classic genetics difficult
2. Early acting mutant
3. phenotypes difficult to study
4. Embryonic manipulations difficult
5. Development and life cycle relatively slow

A

Mouse

40
Q

Limitations:
1. Not yet trivial to clone genes
2. Transgenics not trivial
3. No Targeted gene disruption

A

Zebra Fish

41
Q

Limitations: Embryoloical manipulations non trivial

A

Thale Cress

42
Q

Limitations:
1. Limited Genetics
2. Genome Sequenced

A

Chick/Chick Embryo

43
Q

Organism: Colon Cancer and other cancers

A

E. coli

44
Q

Organism: Cancer, Werner syndrome

A

S. cerevisiae

45
Q

Organism: Disorders of the nervous system, cancer

A

D. melanogaster

46
Q

Organism: Diabetes

A

C. elegans

47
Q

Organism: Cardiovascular disease

A

D. rerio

48
Q

Organism: Lesch-Nyhan disease, cystic fibrosis, fragile-X syndrome, and many other diseases

A

M. musculus

CYTO (3 decks)

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