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MDSC 402 > Model Organisms > Flashcards

Model Organisms Flashcards

1
Q

Reductionism means to

A

go down and specify so instead of looking at an organism you’d look at the genes

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2
Q

Mechanistic means that

A

ur not using the right phenomena and not reductionist enough so go down. not exactly relaistic cuz u need other processes for a lot stuff to work

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3
Q

What is the most commonly uses animal model

A

Rodents, predominantly mice

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4
Q

Mouse scientific name

A

Mus musculus

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5
Q

Who was an important and under recognized mouse fancier

A

Abbie Lathrop, generated many of the well known inbred mouse strains

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6
Q

Why are mice inbred?

A

To achieve consistency

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7
Q

Rodents as a comparative research model means

A

the use of one species to understand the processes a another

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8
Q

Why use rodents as the gold standard? 6

A

Similar anatomy physiology

Share 95% of genes with humans

fully sequenced genes

Can do knock-out models

Economic

Breeding is easy

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9
Q

Rats are

A

much larger than mice making stuff like surgery easier

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10
Q

Rats are easier to do

A

much larger than mice making stuff social/psych studies on cuz they’re friendly but mice are scared surgery easier

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11
Q

The three Rs

A

Replacement: Using a lower level organism (flies instead of mice)

Reduction: Reducing the amount used, someone uses the stomach another uses the brain

Refinement: minimizing pain / distress so environmental stuff and human euthanization

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12
Q

Rodent house misconceptions so they’re actually

A

very well kept they have food and water and live comfertably

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13
Q
  • mouse is one of th emost comonly used
A

db/db and has a leptin receptor deletion (get fat, no stop signalling), but their sterile

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14
Q

the Ms4a3xAi14 model is flurescently tagged and

A

the monocytes from bone marrow will fluoresce

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15
Q

The adipochaser mouse is

A

a adiponectin driven thing that lets us track adipocytes in response to a stimulus

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16
Q

The worms got the

A

first sequenced genome of multi cellular organism and its much bigger than yeast

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17
Q

Worm scientific name

A

C. Elegans

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18
Q

In C. Elegans naming there is

A

3 or 4 letters followed by a - and # so unc-6 - gene

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19
Q

They are phylogenetically as close

A

to humans as any invertebrate

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20
Q

C. elegans are good cuz theyre simple but

A

complex so things seen in worms can be applicable to humans

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21
Q

Theyre werinf cuz they enter

A

meiosis on o side and do meiosis until they reah the uterus and can become like self-fertalized or real fertalized

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22
Q

theyre non-parasitic ad gave rapid generation time and

A

are transpernt and cheap and can do crispr

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23
Q

If a hermaphrodite self-reproduce most offspring are

A

hermaphrodites except 1 in 500 is male cuz of non-disjuntion and they loose an x (femal xx male xo)

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24
Q

They lay eggs through

A

the vulva

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25
Q

While hermaphidited are longish pointy tails, males have

A

like this pointy curve outer thing going (triangly)

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26
Q

Life cycle of C. Elegans

A

LEARN

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27
Q

Bag of worms is when

A

the hermaphodite doesn’t have a vulva so they cant leae so the babies eat their way out and kill mom in the process

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28
Q

C. Elegan methods

A

postional cloning (adding a specific mutation), genome sequencing, RNAi (knock out gene), RNAi by feeding (down regulation), millions mutant project and crispr

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29
Q

The class gastropoda is a diverse class of mollusk within the phylum

A

mollusca, goes back to the late cambrian

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30
Q

Where are snails found?

A

from deep ocean trenches to desert, so everywhere.

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31
Q

Snail scientific name

A

Lymnaea

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32
Q

Name the 6 types of learning Lymnaea have

A
  1. non-associative learning
  2. Associative learning
  3. Configural Learning
  4. Garcia effect
  5. Instinct
  6. Adaptation
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33
Q

There are strains of snails like

A

smart, dumb and average

34
Q

Where were zebrafish originally found?

A

in slow streams and rice paddies in ganges rivers in India and burma

35
Q

Zebrafish are closer

A

to humans than other fish species

36
Q

So whyd they become a model organism?

A

70% of human genes present in zebrafish and 84% o human genes that are linked to diseases have zebrafish orthologs

37
Q

What are advantages to using zebrafish - 10!

A

High fecundity (lots of offspring per parent)
external fertilization
transparent embyo
rapid development
small enough for passive diffusion > cardio defects
regenerative
simple vertebrate system
identifiable stereotypes neurons
easy genetic manipulation

38
Q

What kind of diseases are present in both zebrafish and humans

A

heart, blood, eye, GI, brain/behaviour, vasculature, kidney, skeleton, Ear

39
Q

What are disadvantages to using zebrafish

A

aquatic
complex genome (gene duplication)
lack some key organs
aquatic environment
new model
few commercial antibodies

40
Q

phenotype based whole organism screening does what

A

identifies drug that alleviate a certain phenotype

41
Q

Toxicity screenings do what

A

analhyze toxcicity and can be used to eliminate highly toxic compounds from stuff

42
Q

Structure-activity relationships do what

A

check for alterations of identified compounds, and improvement or changes in specificty

43
Q

Rna or dna is injected when

A

before fertilization?

44
Q

Clevage is

A

2cells and rapid divisionB

45
Q

blastula is

A

128 cels and genes trancribed, division slows

46
Q

Epiboly is

A

blastoderm spreads and covers yolk

47
Q

gastrulation is

A

the blastoderm develops into 2 layers by involution

48
Q

Segmentation is when

A

somites form, primary organs start to develop

49
Q

We can cause mutagens so induce the phenotype and look at affected genes, techniques for this are

A

radiation, cchemical exposure in water, injections

50
Q

Or phenotypic screening so observe for days for morphological or behavioural diffs, techniques include:

A

Transgenic markers, ISH (immunostaining)

51
Q

Forward genetics vs reverse genetics

A

find the gene causing phenotypes vs looking at phenotype cause by genetic manipulation

52
Q

How many Nobel prizes for work in Drosophila?

A

6, started with thomas hunt morgan

53
Q

Thoman Hunt Morgan First did wha

A

verified mendels work through drosophila

54
Q

Then he found out what

A

sex-linked inheritance,

55
Q

Most fly genes are mapped so we can

A

turn genes ON or OFF at any time

56
Q

Their also good cuz theyr

A

small, reproduce quick, cheap

57
Q

How many ch. do flies have?

A

4 ch.

58
Q

u CAN KNOCK OUT USING rnaI OR dsRNA so…

A

U MAKE SMTH ELSE TURN ON SMTH ELSE?

59
Q

Advantages

A

Short development time -10days
Cheap and can get a large amount quick
smaller genome
75% has human homologues
there are tools to over-express or knock-out

60
Q

Disadvantages

A

No permanent conservation, so can only use while living

61
Q

Four stages of drosophila growth

A

Embryo, larvae, pupae (sexual maturity) , adult

62
Q

4 things that correlate between flies and humans are

A

Digestive tract, nervous system, body organisation, circulation-excretion-skeleton-muscles

63
Q

Chicken scientific name

A

gallus gallus

64
Q

Chicks were the first non mamallian amniote to

A

have their full genome sequenced in 2004

65
Q

What 3 things can tissue transplantation tell us?

A

Instructive and permissive tissue interactions
cell determ
cell lineage

66
Q

What are some advantages of chicks

A

cheaps
available in large numbers all year round,
develop quickly (60 days embryo to adult)
Big bibliography on systems and organ development
development resembles mammals
genome is 1/3 size of humans but has about the same amount of genes
large size - good for surgery
no ethics

67
Q

Disadvantages of chicks

A

preblastodermal stage not easily accesible
Little research material compare to other model organisms (like antibodies and stains)
Transgenic chicks are expensive

68
Q

Stage 5 has 19-22 hr

A

Primitve streak, hensens node and head process

69
Q

stage 7 has 23-26 hrs

A

1st pair somites,

70
Q

stage 10 has 33-38 hrs

A

Heart visible and functioning, 10 pairs of somites, 3 brain vesicle visible and optical vesicles

71
Q

Stage 17 52-64

A

Limv. buds visible, leg buds larger than wings, more CNS development, branchial arched form (jaw, pharynx, larynx)

72
Q

Stage 22-25 has 3.5-5days

A

eye pigment, limbs forming

73
Q

Stage 36-37 10-11 days

A

Feathers visible, egg tooth stick out, eyelids form

74
Q

Stage 44-45 18-20 days

A

Increase beak size and toe length, hatch after 21 days

75
Q

What is in ovo culture good for

A

protected, good physio-chem, shell gives nutrients

76
Q

Ex-ovo is good cuz

A

easily visible and easily manipulated

77
Q

Viral gene transfer include

A

Adenoviruse and retrovirus

78
Q

Non- viral includes

A

Nuclear micro injection, calcium ohosphate, lipofection, plasma injection, electroporation particle bombardment

79
Q
A
80
Q
A

MDSC 402 (1 decks)

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