Modalpartikel

Question 1

(“you know”/”everyone knows”/”I already told you”) indicates that the speaker thinks that the fact should already be known to the listener and intends the statement to be more of a reminder or conclusion.

Answer 1

Ja.

Ich habe ihm ein Buch geschenkt, er liest ja sehr gerne.
(“I gave him a book as, you know, he likes to read.”)

Heidi ist ja ein Kind.
(“Heidi is a child as you can see.”)

Question 2

(literally “once”, roughly “for once”) also indicates a certain immediacy to the action or can even imply a command. On the other hand, it can give a kind of casualness to a sentence and so makes it sound less blunt:

Answer 2

Einmal. (Shortened to mal)
Mal.

Hör mal zu!
(Listen!” or “Listen to me”!)

Beeile dich mal!
(“Do hurry up!”)

Question 3

Can have several meanings. It can be used affirmatively or to convey emphasis, urgency or impatience. It can also be a reply to a real, imagined, or pre-emptively-answered disagreement, hesitation, or wrong assumption on the part of the listener or other people. In other situations, it can have different effects.

Conversely, doch can also express doubt and in writing, the affirmative and the doubtful meanings may be ambiguous and depend on context. In speech, the different meanings of doch can be told apart by different types emphasis:

Answer 3

Doch.

Gehst Du nicht nach Hause? Doch, ich gehe gleich.
(“Are you not going home?” “Oh, yes, I am going in a moment”.) (Affirmation of a negative question; obligatory.)

Komm doch her!
(“Do come here!”) (Emphatically)

Question 4

Meaning “anyway(s)”, implies an emphasized assertion.

Answer 4

Sowieso, ohnehin.

Question 5

Is often used instead of epistemic adverbs, such as vermutlich or wahrscheinlich or to emphasise a strong disagreement. A literal translation with “probably” or at least with “seemingly” is possible:

Answer 5

Wohl.

Es wird wohl Regen geben.
(“It looks like rain. / It’s probably going to rain.”)

Du bist wohl verrückt!.
(“You must be out of your mind.”)

Question 6

(“indeed” / “Well” / “Already” / “In principle yes”), but stressed implies an actual qualification of the statement, which is often made explicit by a phrase with aber (“but”):

Answer 6

Schon.

Ich war schon auf der Party, aber Spaß hatte ich nicht. (“I was indeed at the party, but I did not enjoy myself.”)

Question 7

Actually / Rather / Very

Answer 7

Eigentlich