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Equipment > Modalities > Flashcards

Modalities Flashcards

1
Q

Convection

A

Gain or loss of heat from air or water moving in a constant motion across the body
Thermal agent is in motion
Capable of transferring large amounts of heat

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2
Q

Modalities using convection

A

Fluidotherapy

Whirlpool

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3
Q

Conversion

A

Heating from a nonthermal energy being absorbed into tissue and transforming into heat
Rate is determined by power of energy source
Does not require direct contact, but does need a coupling agent

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4
Q

Modalities using conversion

A

Diathermy

US

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5
Q

Radiation

A

Direct transfer of heat from a radiation source of higher temp to one of cooler temp
A temp difference must occur without direct contact
Rate is influenced by: intensity and size of energy source, target area, angle of radiation, distance between

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6
Q

Modalities that use radiation

A

Infrared
Last
UV

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7
Q

Conduction

A

Gain or loss of heat from direct contact of two materials of different temperatures
Conducted from higher temp material to lower
Continues until two materials are equal
Rate accelerates with large temp difference, height thermal conductivity.

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8
Q

Modalities using conduction

A 
Hot pack
Cold pack
Ice massage
Cryo cuff 
Paraffin
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8
Q

Cryotherapy therapeutic effects

A 
Decreased blood flow
Decreased edema
Decreased local temp
Decreased metabolic rate
Decreased nerve conduction
Decreased tone
Increased pain threshold
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10
Q

Cryotherapy contraindications

A 
Cold intolerance 
Infection
Over an area of compromised circulation
Over regenerating peripheral nerves
Peripheral vascular disease
Raynaud's phenomenon
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11
Q

Therapeutic effects of heat

A 
Decreased muscle spasm 
Decreased tone
Increased blood flow
Increased capillary permeability 
Increased ROM
Increased local tissue temp
Increased metabolic rate
Increased nerve conduction
Increased pain threshold
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12
Q

Contraindications of heat

A 
Acute trauma
Arterial disease
Bleeding or hemorrhage
Over an area of compromised circulation
Over an area of malignancy
Peripheral vascular disease
Thrombophlebitis
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13
Q

Indications for US

A 
Acute and chronic conditions
Calcium deposits
Chronic inflammation
Delayed soft tissue healing
Dermal ulcers
Contractures
Muscle spasms
Trigger points
Pain
Scar tissue
Tissue regeneration
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14
Q

Contraindications for US

A 
Decreased sensation
Decreased circulation/vascular insufficiency 
DVT
Infection
Malignancy
Thrombophlebitis
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15
Q

Thermal Effects of US

A 
Acceleration of metabolic rate
Modulation of pain
Decreased muscle spasm
Decreased joint stiffness
Increased circulation
Increased soft tissue extensibility
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16
Q

Nonthermal effects of US

A

Increased membrane permeability
Increased intracellular calcium
Facilitates tissue repair

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17
Q

1 MHz

A

Deeper tissues

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18
Q

3 MHz

A

Superficial tissues

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19
Q

Continuous ultrasound

A

Thermal effects

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20
Q

Pulsed ultrasound

A

Nonthermal effects

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21
Q

Water temp of 32 to 79°F

A

Acute inflammation of distal extremities

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22
Q

Water temp of 79 to 92°F

A

Exercise

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23
Q

Water temp of 92 to 96°F

A

Wound care, spasticity

24
Q

Water temp of 96 to 98°F

A

Treatment of burns

25
Q

Water temp of 99 to 104°F

A

Pain management

26
Q

Water temp of 104 to 110°F

A

Chronic RA, OA, increased range of motion

27
Q

Therapeutic effects of traction

A 
Decreased disk protrusion 
decreased pain
Increase joint mobility
Increase muscle relaxation
Increased soft tissue elasticity
Promote arterial, the venous, and lymphatic flow
28
Q

Indications for traction

A 
Disc herniation
Joint hypomobility
Muscle guarding
Muscle spasm
Narrowing of intervertebral foramen
Osteophyte formation
Nerve root impingement
Sub acute pain
Subacute joint inflammation
29
Q

Contraindications for traction

A 
Acute inflammation
Aortic aneurysm
Osteoporosis
Dislocation, fracture, subluxation
Hiatal hernia
30
Q

Lumbar traction position

A

Supine=flexed spine, greater separation of posterior structures (facet joints, intervertebral foramen). Spinal stenosis

Prone=extended position of the fine, greater separation of anterior structures (disc spaces)
Disc herniation

31
Q

Lumbar Traction Forces

A

Max of 30lbs for initial treatment
25% of BW to stretch soft tissue, treat spasm, and disc protrusion
50% for actual separation of vertebrae

32
Q

Cervical traction flexion

A

Upper cervical spine : 0-5 degrees
Mid cervical spine: 10-20 degrees
Lower cervical spine: 25-35 degrees

33
Q

Cervical traction forces

A

Up to 10 lbs for initial treatment
7-10% of BW (11-15 lbs) for stretch, treat spasm, disc protrusion
13-20% of BW (20-30lbs) for joint distraction
Should not exceed 30 lbs

34
Q

Therapeutic effects of electrotherapy

A 
Decreased edema
Decreased pain
Decrease spasm
Increase local circulation
Increase range of motion
Eliminate disuse atrophy
facilitate wound healing and bone repair
Muscle reeducation and strengthening
35
Q

Contraindications for electrotherapy

A 
Cardiac arrhythmia or pacemaker
Malignancy
Osteomyelitis
Patient with bladder stimulator
Phlebitis
Seizure disorders
36
Q

Indications for electrotherapy

A 
Bells palsy
Decreased range of motion
Facial neuropathy
Fracture
Idiopathic scoliosis
Joint effusion
Muscle atrophy, spasm, weakness
Wound
Pain
Stress incontinence
Shoulder subluxation
39
Q

Small electrodes

A

Increased current density and impedance

Decreased current flow

40
Q

Large electrodes

A

Decreased current density and impedance

Increased current flow

41
Q

Proximity of electrodes

A

Closer together, superficial tissues

Farther apart, deeper tissues

42
Q

Bipolar technique

A

To active electrodes over target area
Electrodes equal in size
Used for weakness, neuromuscular facilitation, spasms, range of motion

44
Q

Amplitude

A

Measured as intensity or voltage
Maximum positive or negative point from zero
Must be large enough to exceed threshold for nerve nerve or muscle

45
Q

Frequency

A

The number of pulses per second

Affect the number of action potentials during stimulation

46
Q

NMES

A

Used for skeletal muscle activity
Amplitude dependent on strength of contraction
High pulse duration
As pulse duration shortened greater amplitude required for same contraction
Frequency of 35 to 50 pulses per second
Tetanic contraction

47
Q

TENS

A

Used for acute and chronic pain

Pain relief through gate control theory

48
Q

Conventional TENS

A

Short duration, high-frequency, low amplitude
50 to 100, 30 to 150, Sensory response
Mild tingling
Pain relief is brief and only when current is generated

49
Q

Acupuncture like TENS

A

Long duration, low-frequency, moderate amplitude
100 to 300, 2 to 4, muscle twitching
Uncomfortable, burning
Pain relief for several hours after

50
Q

IFC

A

Pain relief, increased circulation, muscle stimulation

Intersection of currents, producing higher amplitude in same phase and lower amplitude in opposite phases

51
Q

Iontophoresis

A

Like charges repel
Dosage=amplitude x time
Decrease chance of burn by increasing cathode size, decreasing current density, increasing space between electrodes

52
Q

Monopolar technique

A

Active electrode over target area, disburse of electrode away from target area
Active electrode smaller than dispersive
Used for wounds, iontophoresis, edema

53
Q

Fibrillations

A

LMN disease

54
Q

Positive sharp wave

A

Denervated muscle disorders at rest

55
Q

Fasiculations

A

Irritation/degeneration of anterior horn cell
Nerve root compression
Muscle spasms

56
Q

Repetitive discharges

A

Myopathies

Lesion of anterior horn cell and peripheral nerves

57
Q

Biofeedback

A

High sensitivity=small amount of electrical activity

Low sensitivity=large amounts of electrical activity

58
Q

Muscle relaxation

A

High sensitivity
Electrodes close together initially
With improvement farther apart and increased sensitivity
Decrease in feedback is positive

59
Q

Muscle reeducation

A

Low sensitivity

Increase in feedback is positive

Equipment (3 decks)

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