Mod.A. Bio Lec12: Hypoglycemia Flashcards
Insulin: (decrease and increase)
Decreases: ↓ Glycogenolysis ↓ Gluconeogenesis ↓ Ketogenesis ↓ Lipolysis
Increases: Glucose uptake Glycolysis Glycogenesis Lipogenesis
Glucagon and Epinephrine:
Increase: ↑ Glycogenolysis ↑ Gluconeogenesis ↑ Ketogenesis ↑ Lipolysis
Brain fuel is
glucose
When blood glucose is high, how does the body absorb it ?
- glucose is transported to pancreas by GLUT2
- pancreas secretes insulin from b cells
- insulin binds to cell and sends a cascade to GLUT4 to come to the membrane and take glucose from blood.
What is the insulin dependent transporter ?
GLUT4
GLUT1
- red blood cell, brain, kidney
- Glucose uptake
GLUT2
- Liver, pancreas β-cell, contra-luminal membrane of intestinal cells
- uptake/ release of
glucose, galactose and fructose.
GLUT3
- Brain, kidney
- glucose uptake
GLUT4
Uptake of glucose by muscles, heart and adipose tissues
GLUT5
Small intestine
-fructose absorption
what is the sodium dependent transporter ?
SGLT1
SGLT1
Found in
Small intestine
- renal tubules
نوع السكر الذي يمتصه
glucose
and galactose.
- energy is derived from Na+ - K+ pump
Hypoglycemia stimulates:
Receptors in the pancreas:
with release glucagon.
Hypothalamic glucoreceptors can trigger:
the autonomic nervous system: secretion of EPINEPHIRNE
release of ACTH, that stimulate cortisone release
the anterior pituitary: release growth hormone
Definition of Hypoglycemia
known as low blood sugar,
is when blood sugar decreases to below normal levels
(<4.0 mmol/L) or (<70 mg/dL)
Symptoms of hypoglycemia (2 types)
Neuroglycopenic - خصائصها : gradual decline of Glucose affecting brain
Difficulty concentrating
Confusion ارتباك
Weakness
Drowsiness نعاس
Vision changes
Difficulty speaking
(slurred speech )ثقل اللسان
Headache
Dizziness
Neurogenic (autonomicلا إرادي ) خصائصها : abruptly فجأة decline of Glucose → Epinephrine release
Trembling رعشة
Palpitations خفقان
Sweating
Anxiety قلق
Hunger
Nausea
Tingling تنميل
Types of Hypoglycemia (3)
Insulin-induced:
In patients with DM who are receiving insulin treatment
Postprandial:
exaggerated insulin release following a meal
hyperinsulinemia.
Fasting:
in patients with hepatocellular damage or adrenal insufficiency
Which hypoglycemia type is the most serious ?
Insulin Induced
The most common cause of hypoglycemia
is medications used to treat diabetes mellitus such as insulin and sulfonylureas
Risk is greater in diabetics who have eaten less than usual, exercised more than
usual, or have drunk alcohol
