Mod9: Anesthesia for Ophthalmic Surgery Flashcards
Ocular Anatomy
Protective fibrous outer layer of the eye
White part of the eye
Sclera

Ocular Anatomy
Function of the Sclera
Provides sufficient rigidity to maintain globular shape of the eye

Ocular Anatomy
Anterior portion within the sclera
Cornea
Transparent, permits light to enter for translation to the brain

Ocular Anatomy
Colored part of the eye
Iris
Surrounds the Pupil
Divides posterior chamber from anterior chamber

Ocular Anatomy
Opening through the cornea that controls light levels entering eye?
Pupil

Ocular Anatomy
Alpha-1 stimulation
causes:
Mydriasis
Dilation (sympathetic innervation)

Ocular Anatomy
Parasympathetic innervation
causes:
Miosis → constriction

Ocular Anatomy
Structure that Produces aqueous humor
(Watery substance between lens/cornea)
Ciliary body

Ocular Anatomy
Space at the junction of the sclera and cornea in the eye
(Drains aqueous humor)
Schlemm’s canal

Ocular Anatomy
Structure that converts light impulses to neural impulses that travel via optic nerve to brain
Retina

Ocular Anatomy
Vascular layer of the eye lying between the retina and the sclera
Choroid
Provides O2/nourishment to outer layers retina

Ocular Anatomy
Mucous membrane covering globe
Lining eyelids
Conjunctiva
Topical administration drugs

Ocular Anatomy
6 muscles move eye within the globe
Intraocular muscles

Ocular Physiology
Formation of Aqueous Humor
Where and How?
Posterior chamber by ciliary body (2/3rd)
Active secretory process involving carbonic anhydrase
Passive filtration from vessels on anterior surface iris

Ocular Physiology
Drainage of Aqueous Humor
How?
Via network connecting venous channels empty into SVC/RA
Travels though pupillary aperture to anterior chamber
Exits via Fontana’s spaces into the canal of Schlemm
Connecting venous channels empty into SVC

Ocular Physiology
Pathway of Aqueous Humor
See picture
Pathway of Aqueous Humor

Ocular Physiology
Glaucoma
Pathophysiology
Impaired aqueous humor drainage
leading to increase intraoccular pressure and possible damage to eye structures
Ocular Physiology
Treatment of Glaucoma
Two folds:
- Promote miosis/trabecular stretching
=> Increase aqueous drainage/outflow
Drainage of aqueous humor is facilitated by miosis
- Decrease aqueous humor production
Ocular Physiology
Treatment of Glaucoma
Common topical medications
Beta-blockers (Timoptic/Betoptic)
Anticholinesterases (Echothiophate)
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (Acetazolamide)
Cholinergic agonist (Pilocarpine)
Ocular Physiology - Treatment of Glaucoma
Beta-blockers (Timoptic/Betoptic)
How do they work here? Concerns?
↓ aqueous production
Concerns:
Bradycardia, bronchospasm, CHF
Ocular Physiology - Treatment of Glaucoma
Anticholinesterases (Echothiophate)
How do they work here? Concern?
Produce miosis
Concern:
Prolong succinylcholine duration → paralysis
Anticholinesterases primary mechanism of action is to inhibit true cholinesterase.
Recognize that cholinesterase inhibitors act indirectly by raising the concentration of acetylcholine at synapses.
Ocular Physiology - Treatment of Glaucoma
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (Acetazolamide)
How do they work here? Concern?
↓ aqueous production
Concern:
Diuresis K+ /HCO3 → hypokalemia/ hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis
Acetazolamide (Diamox) is classified as a weak diuretic.
It works by inhibiting carbonic anhydrase.
Acetazolamide is used primarily to decrease intraocular pressure.
Inhibition of carbonic anhydrase in the ciliary process of the eye reduces the formation of aqueous humor, which in turn leads to a decrease in intraocular pressure.
When administered chronically to lower intraocular pressure, there may be an associated renal loss of bicarbonate and potassium ions
Ocular Physiology - Treatment of Glaucoma
Cholinergic agonist (Pilocarpine)
Effect:
Produces miosis
Ocular Physiology - Treatment of Glaucoma
Anticholinergics
→
Pupillary dilation/mydriasis
TOPICALLY may precipitate open angle glaucoma (Atropine > Glycopyrrolate).
However, premedication doses administered systemically are not associated with increases in IOP

