Mod9: Anesthesia for Ophthalmic Surgery Flashcards

1
Q

Ocular Anatomy

Protective fibrous outer layer of the eye

White part of the eye

A

Sclera

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2
Q

Ocular Anatomy

Function of the Sclera

A

Provides sufficient rigidity to maintain globular shape of the eye

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3
Q

Ocular Anatomy

Anterior portion within the sclera

A

Cornea

Transparent, permits light to enter for translation to the brain

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4
Q

Ocular Anatomy

Colored part of the eye

A

Iris

Surrounds the Pupil

Divides posterior chamber from anterior chamber

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5
Q

Ocular Anatomy

Opening through the cornea that controls light levels entering eye?

A

Pupil

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6
Q

Ocular Anatomy

Alpha-1 stimulation

causes:

A

Mydriasis

Dilation (sympathetic innervation)

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7
Q

Ocular Anatomy

Parasympathetic innervation

causes:

A

Miosis → constriction

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8
Q

Ocular Anatomy

Structure that Produces aqueous humor

(Watery substance between lens/cornea)

A

Ciliary body

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9
Q

Ocular Anatomy

Space at the junction of the sclera and cornea in the eye

(Drains aqueous humor)

A

Schlemm’s canal

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10
Q

Ocular Anatomy

Structure that converts light impulses to neural impulses that travel via optic nerve to brain

A

Retina

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11
Q

Ocular Anatomy

Vascular layer of the eye lying between the retina and the sclera

A

Choroid

Provides O2/nourishment to outer layers retina

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12
Q

Ocular Anatomy

Mucous membrane covering globe

Lining eyelids

A

Conjunctiva

Topical administration drugs

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13
Q

Ocular Anatomy

6 muscles move eye within the globe

A

Intraocular muscles

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14
Q

Ocular Physiology

Formation of Aqueous Humor

Where and How?

A

Posterior chamber by ciliary body (2/3rd)

Active secretory process involving carbonic anhydrase

Passive filtration from vessels on anterior surface iris

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15
Q

Ocular Physiology

Drainage of Aqueous Humor

How?

A

Via network connecting venous channels empty into SVC/RA

Travels though pupillary aperture to anterior chamber

Exits via Fontana’s spaces into the canal of Schlemm

Connecting venous channels empty into SVC

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16
Q

Ocular Physiology

Pathway of Aqueous Humor

See picture

A

Pathway of Aqueous Humor

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17
Q

Ocular Physiology

Glaucoma

Pathophysiology

A

Impaired aqueous humor drainage

leading to increase intraoccular pressure and possible damage to eye structures

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18
Q

Ocular Physiology

Treatment of Glaucoma

Two folds:

A
  1. Promote miosis/trabecular stretching

=> Increase aqueous drainage/outflow

Drainage of aqueous humor is facilitated by miosis

  1. Decrease aqueous humor production
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19
Q

Ocular Physiology

Treatment of Glaucoma

Common topical medications

A

Beta-blockers (Timoptic/Betoptic)

Anticholinesterases (Echothiophate)

Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (Acetazolamide)

Cholinergic agonist (Pilocarpine)

20
Q

Ocular Physiology - Treatment of Glaucoma

Beta-blockers (Timoptic/Betoptic)

How do they work here? Concerns?

A

↓ aqueous production

Concerns:

Bradycardia, bronchospasm, CHF

21
Q

Ocular Physiology - Treatment of Glaucoma

Anticholinesterases (Echothiophate)

How do they work here? Concern?

A

Produce miosis

Concern:

Prolong succinylcholine duration → paralysis

Anticholinesterases primary mechanism of action is to inhibit true cholinesterase.

Recognize that cholinesterase inhibitors act indirectly by raising the concentration of acetylcholine at synapses.

22
Q

Ocular Physiology - Treatment of Glaucoma

Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (Acetazolamide)

How do they work here? Concern?

A

↓ aqueous production

Concern:

Diuresis K+ /HCO3 → hypokalemia/ hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis

Acetazolamide (Diamox) is classified as a weak diuretic.

It works by inhibiting carbonic anhydrase.

Acetazolamide is used primarily to decrease intraocular pressure.

Inhibition of carbonic anhydrase in the ciliary process of the eye reduces the formation of aqueous humor, which in turn leads to a decrease in intraocular pressure.

When administered chronically to lower intraocular pressure, there may be an associated renal loss of bicarbonate and potassium ions

23
Q

Ocular Physiology - Treatment of Glaucoma

Cholinergic agonist (Pilocarpine)

Effect:

A

Produces miosis

24
Q

Ocular Physiology - Treatment of Glaucoma

Anticholinergics

A

Pupillary dilation/mydriasis

TOPICALLY may precipitate open angle glaucoma (Atropine > Glycopyrrolate).

However, premedication doses administered systemically are not associated with increases in IOP

25
Ocular Physiology - Glaucoma **Normal eye** Flow of aqeous humor
(see picture) Note: Flow of fluid from (aqeous humor) from the inner chamber to the outer chamber This fluid is free to drain through the drainage channel of the CANAL OF SCHLEMM at the outer edge of the iris
26
Ocular Physiology - Glaucoma **Eye with Glaucoma** Flow of aqeous humor
(See picture) Note: Flow of fluid stays within the eye and pressure rises The Iris presses againts the lens, blocking the drainage of fluid
27
Ocular Physiology Measurement of fluid pressure within the eye Known as:
Intraocular Pressure
28
Ocular Physiology - Intraocular Pressure **Determinants** of Intraocular Pressure
**Aqueous humor** volume **(major)** Coupling of production/drainage **Choroidal** blood volume
29
Ocular Physiology - Intraocular Pressure ## Footnote **Normal Intraocular Pressure**
**12 - 20 mmHg** Becomes atmospheric when globe is opened
30
Ocular Physiology - Intraocular Pressure - Increases Intraocular Pressure **Jeopardized retinal perfusion** could lead to:
Retinal ischemia | (Ultimately =\> Blindness)
31
Ocular Physiology ## Footnote **Factors Increasing Intraocular Pressure**
Anything that↓ Drainage/outflow aqueous humor (Glaucoma, increased CVP) ↑ Blood volume Anesthetic events Hypercarbia Hypoxemia ↓ Globe size without proportional change in volume of contents External pressure on globe
32
Ocular Physiology - Factors Increasing Intraocular Pressure **↓ Drainage/outflow aqueous humor** possible causes:
Glaucoma ↑ CVP
33
Ocular Physiology - Factors Increasing Intraocular Pressure **↑ Blood volume** How does it inc IOP?
**Impedance blood flow from eye to right atrium** ↑ CVP (most profound) ↑ ABP (extreme) Venous effect \> arterial [Obstruction between eye & right atrium impedes drainage = increases intraocular pressure]
34
Ocular Physiology - Factors Increasing Intraocular Pressure **Anesthetic events** that increase intraocular pressure?
Laryngoscopy Intubation Coughing Bucking Vomiting T-burg position
35
Ocular Physiology - Factors Increasing Intraocular Pressure **Hypercarbia** How does it cause increased intraocular pressure?
...
36
Ocular Physiology - Factors Increasing Intraocular Pressure **Hypoxemia** How does it cause increased intraocular pressure?​
...
37
Ocular Physiology - Factors Increasing Intraocular Pressure **↓ Globe size** without proportional change in volume of contents How does it cause increased intraocular pressure?
...
38
Ocular Physiology - Factors Increasing Intraocular Pressure ## Footnote **External pressure on globe**
Tight mask fit Tumor Contraction ocular muscles (recti/orbicularis oculi) Scleral rigidity Retrobulbar hemorrhage/detachment Improper prone position
39
Ocular Physiology ## Footnote **Anesthetic Agents Decreasing IOP**
**Volatile agents (↓↓)** N2O (↓) **Barbiturates** and **benzodiazepines (↓↓)** Narcotics (↓) NDMR (0/↓)
40
Ocular Physiology - Anesthetic Agents Decreasing IOP **Volatile agents (↓↓)** How do they decrease IOP?
**↓ BP & choroidal blood volume** **Relaxation ocular muscles** => Lowers wall tensions **Pupillary constriction** => Promotes aqueous outflow **Proportional to depth of anesthesia**
41
Ocular Physiology - Anesthetic Agents Decreasing IOP ## Footnote Why will the Surgeon need access to the eye very early on in the case?
The more exposure to anesthetic agents, the further away the surgeon will assess the intraoccular pressure that the pt actually lives in
42
Ocular Physiology - Anesthetic Agents Increasing IOP **Succinylcholine (↑↑)** How much increase in IOP does it cause?
↑ IOP **5-10 mmHg** for **5-10 minutes** Repeated depolarization → Prolong contracture → ↑IOP Extraocular muscles contain cells with multiple NMJ (unlike other skeletal muscle)
43
Ocular Physiology - Anesthetic Agents Increasing IOP **Succinylcholine (↑↑)** Concerns regarding use:
**Spurious IOP** measurements during Exam Unde Anesthesia **Extrusion** of ocular contents **open globe** (surgical incision/trauma) **Abnormal forced duction test for 20 min** => Measures cause EOM imbalance with strabismus => Influence type surgery performed repair
44
Ocular Physiology **Anesthetic Agents** with **Questionable effect** on **Increased IOP**
**Ketamine** **Etomidate**
45
Anesthetic Agents with Questionable effect on Increased IOP **Ketamine** concerns:
=\>↑ ABP =\> No muscles relaxation (nystagmus)
46
Anesthetic Agents with Questionable effect on Increased IOP **Etomidate** concerns:
=\> Myoclonus hazardous with open-globe injury